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  1. Cardosa MJ, Baharudin F, Hamid S, Hooi TP, Nimmanitya S
    Clin Diagn Virol, 1995 May;3(4):343-50.
    PMID: 15566815
    A nitrocellulose membrane based immunoassay for the detection of dengue virus specific IgM suitable for use in field situations or in peripheral laboratories would be useful for disease surveillance and control. This paper describes such an assay in an IgM capture format (MAC DOT) similar to the microplate based MAC ELISAs currently in use in several research and reference laboratories around the world. The MAC DOT was tested on several sample sets including a retrospective study of 119 patients from Children's Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, with confirmed dengue infection. The sensitivity of the test was shown to be 94% taking only admission sera into consideration but rising to 99% when both an admission and a discharge specimen were considered. Other sample sets confirmed the high sensitivity and a study of 494 unselected febrile children showed that the specificity of the MAC DOT was 98%.
  2. Wan KS, Tok PSK, Yoga Ratnam KK, Aziz N, Isahak M, Ahmad Zaki R, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(4):e0249394.
    PMID: 33852588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249394
    INTRODUCTION: The reporting of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) mortality among healthcare workers highlights their vulnerability in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Some low- and middle-income countries have highlighted the challenges with COVID-19 testing, such as inadequate capacity, untrained laboratory personnel, and inadequate funding. This article describes the components and implementation of a healthcare worker surveillance programme in a designated COVID-19 teaching hospital in Malaysia. In addition, the distribution and characteristics of healthcare workers placed under surveillance are described.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A COVID-19 healthcare worker surveillance programme was implemented in University Malaya Medical Centre. The programme involved four teams: contact tracing, risk assessment, surveillance and outbreak investigation. Daily symptom surveillance was conducted over fourteen days for healthcare workers who were assessed to have low-, moderate- and high-risk of contracting COVID-19. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted for data collected over 24 weeks, from the 6th of March 2020 to the 20th of August 2020.

    RESULTS: A total of 1,174 healthcare workers were placed under surveillance. The majority were females (71.6%), aged between 25 and 34 years old (64.7%), were nursing staff (46.9%) and had no comorbidities (88.8%). A total of 70.9% were categorised as low-risk, 25.7% were moderate-risk, and 3.4% were at high risk of contracting COVID-19. One-third (35.2%) were symptomatic, with the sore throat (23.6%), cough (19.8%) and fever (5.0%) being the most commonly reported symptoms. A total of 17 healthcare workers tested positive for COVID-19, with a prevalence of 0.3% among all the healthcare workers. Risk category and presence of symptoms were associated with a positive COVID-19 test (p<0.001). Fever (p<0.001), cough (p = 0.003), shortness of breath (p = 0.015) and sore throat (p = 0.002) were associated with case positivity.

    CONCLUSION: COVID-19 symptom surveillance and risk-based assessment have merits to be included in a healthcare worker surveillance programme to safeguard the health of the workforce.

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