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Fulltext A randomised controlled trial on the dietary intake of Saudi female adolescents living in Arar

Bahathig A, Abu Saad H

East Mediterr Health J, 2023 Aug 31;29(8):638-649.
PMID: 37698219 DOI: 10.26719/emhj.23.090

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle changes in Saudi Arabia have affected the dietary intake of adolescents, who now consume more unhealthy foods.
AIMS: We assessed the dietary intake of female Saudi Arabian adolescents living in Arar.
METHOD: In this randomised cluster study, female students were selected randomly from assigned schools to form the intervention (n = 68) and control (n = 70) groups. Initially, a 60-minute seminar was held for mothers of students in the intervention group. Subsequently, 6 90-minute sessions were held over 3 months for the intervention group on topics such as food groups, healthy and unhealthy eating, body image and physical activity. The data were analysed using generalized estimating equations.
RESULTS: The interaction effect (group by time) between the groups revealed statistically significant differences for dairy products (P < 0.001), sweetened beverages (P < 0.001), sweetened baked goods (P = 0.022) and fruits and vegetables (P < 0.003). The intervention significantly increased the intake of dairy products (P < 0.001) and fruits and vegetables (P = 0.003). It reduced the intake of sweetened beverages (P < 0.001) and sweetened baked goods (P = 0.010) in the intervention group.
CONCLUSION: This intervention showed a grater positive effect on the intervention than the control group; it increased dietary intake of dairy products, fruits and vegetables, and reduced intake of sweetened beverages and sweetened baked goods among the intervention group participants. We recommend similar nutrition interventions among other young Saudi Arabian population groups to prevent obesity and other diseases.
Fulltext The Effects of a Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Body Image Intervention on Girls in Intermediate Schools in Saudi Arabia

Ahmad Bahathig A, Abu Saad H

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Sep 08;19(18).
PMID: 36141585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811314

This cluster-randomized study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention focused on physical activity, nutrition, and body image perception among girls in intermediate schools in Saudi Arabia. A seminar was delivered to the mothers of the girls in the experimental group. The experimental group then attended six interactive sessions within 3 months featuring physical activity, nutrition, and body image perception, followed by a 3-month follow-up period. A total of 138 respondents (68 in the experimental group and 70 in the control group) completed the intervention. Each participant's body mass index-for-age z-score and waist circumference were measured, and they completed a physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body image perception questionnaires before and after the intervention and at the follow-up. The intervention was evaluated using within- and between-groups generalized estimating equations. There were no significant changes in the respondents' body mass index-for-age z-score or waist circumference (p > 0.05). However, immediate significant improvements were seen in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body image satisfaction among the experimental group, and these improvements remained at follow-up (p < 0.001). These differences were more significant among the experimental group than among the control group. We found this intervention effective. Future studies can adapt this intervention for adolescent boys and extend its duration to improve the body mass index outcome.
Fulltext Relationship between Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Anthropometric Measurements among Saudi Female Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ahmad Bahathig A, Abu Saad H, Md Yusop NB, Mohd Shukri NH, El-Din MME

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 08 10;18(16).
PMID: 34444210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168461

Overweight and obesity are becoming increasingly prevalent among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia and are an emerging cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Lifestyle factors, such as insufficient levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors, are responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs. This study aimed to determine the association between physical activity levels, sedentary behaviors, and anthropometric measurements in Saudi female adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 399 healthy female adolescent students aged 13-14 years in Arar, Saudi Arabia. The participants were randomly selected from different schools and their anthropometric measurements were determined. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) were used to assess their physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors, and an analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS software version 25. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine the association between the variables. The majority of the participants had a normal body mass index (BMI; 79.4%) and waist circumference (WC; 62.4%). A total of 74.4% had waist to height ratio (WHtR) < 0.5. About 92.7% of the participants were not meeting PA recommendations of 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. The overall mean time spent on sedentary activities was high on both weekdays and weekend days at 357.64 ± 86.29 and 470.51 ± 147.64 min/day, respectively. Moreover, anthropometric measurement (BMI) was positively associated with age and negatively associated with sedentary behavior on weekends, while WHtR was positively associated with age. The multiple linear regression analysis also showed that age and sedentary behavior significantly predicted BMI among the study participants (F (2, 396) = 4.346, p < 0.014) and age was the only significant predictor of WHtR (F (1, 397) = 16.191, p ≤ 0.001). This study revealed that most of the female Saudi adolescents undertook low levels of activity and high levels of sedentary behaviors. Sedentary behaviors were significantly associated with their BMI. Accordingly, an intervention program on healthy lifestyles is important to improve Saudi female adolescents' lifestyles.
Fulltext Developing a knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire on nutrition, physical activity, and body image for 13-14-year-old female adolescents

A Bahathig A, Abu Saad H, Md Yusop NB, Mohd Sukri NH

J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 2023 Oct;18(5):976-987.
PMID: 36890796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.02.008

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Questionnaire (KAPQ) on nutrition, physical activity, and body image for 13-14-year-old female adolescents.
METHOD: The KAPQ initially consisted of 73 items, covering knowledge (30), attitude (22), and practice (21) related to nutrition, physical activity (PA), and body image (BI). The content and face validity were tested to identify the relevance of the questionnaire items to the content and their relevance to nutrition, PA, and BI. Construct validity was assessed using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's α value, and stability was determined based on test-retest reliability.
RESULTS: Based on the EFA, each scale had several dimensions. The Cronbach's α ranged between 0.977 and 0.888 for knowledge, 0.902 and 0.977 for attitude, and 0.949 and 0.950 for practice. The test-retest reliability revealed that the kappa of knowledge was 0.773-1.000, while the intraclass correlation (ICC) values for attitude and practice were 0.682-1.000 and 0.778-1.000, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The final KAPQ, which included 72 items, was valid and reliable for assessing the KAP levels for nutrition, PA, and BI of 13-14-year-old female students in KSA.