Materials and Methods: Sixty-three diabetic foot patients admitted from June 15, 2019 to February 15, 2020. Methods included one-on-one interview for clinico-demographic data, physical examination to determine the classification. Patients were followed-up and outcomes were determined. Pearson Chi-square or Fisher's Exact determined association between clinico-demographic data, the classifications, and outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined predictive abilities of classification systems and paired analysis compared the curves. Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) values used to compare the prediction accuracy. Analysis was set at 95% CI.
Results: Results showed hypertension, duration of diabetes, and ambulation status were significantly associated with major amputation. WIFi showed the highest AUC of 0.899 (p = 0.000). However, paired analysis showed AUC differences between WIFi, Wagner, and University of Texas classifications by grade were not significantly different from each other.
Conclusion: The WIFi, Wagner, and University of Texas classification systems are good predictors of major amputation with WIFi as the most predictive.
METHODS: We undertook an international, prospective study of 15,103 patients ≥45 years of age who had inpatient noncardiac surgery; 3,092 underwent orthopaedic surgery. Non-high-sensitivity TnT assays were performed on postoperative days 0, 1, 2, and 3. Among orthopaedic patients, we determined (1) the prognostic relevance of the MINS diagnostic criteria, (2) the 30-day mortality rate for those with and without MINS, and (3) the probable proportion of MINS cases that would go undetected without troponin monitoring because of a lack of an ischemic symptom.
RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-seven orthopaedic patients (11.9%) had MINS. MINS was associated independently with 30-day mortality including among those who had had orthopaedic surgery. Orthopaedic patients without and with MINS had a 30-day mortality rate of 1.0% and 9.8%, respectively (odds ratio [OR], 11.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.72 to 18.92). The 30-day mortality rate was increased for patients with MINS who had an ischemic feature (i.e., symptoms, or evidence of ischemia on electrocardiography or imaging) (OR, 18.25; 95% CI, 10.06 to 33.10) and for those who did not have an ischemic feature (OR, 7.35; 95% CI, 3.37 to 16.01). The proportion of orthopaedic patients with MINS who were asymptomatic and in whom the myocardial injury would have probably gone undetected without TnT monitoring was 81.3% (95% CI, 76.3% to 85.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: One in 8 orthopaedic patients in our study had MINS, and MINS was associated with a higher mortality rate regardless of symptoms. Troponin levels should be measured after surgery in at-risk patients because most MINS cases (>80%) are asymptomatic and would go undetected without routine measurements.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
METHODS AND RESULTS: The PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation (POISE)-1 trial evaluated the effects of metoprolol vs. placebo in 8351 patients, and POISE-2 compared the effect of aspirin vs. placebo, and clonidine vs. placebo in 10 010 patients. These trials included patients with, or at risk of, cardiovascular disease who were undergoing non-cardiac surgery. For the purpose of this study, we combined the POISE datasets, excluding 244 patients who were in atrial fibrillation (AF) at the time of randomization. Perioperative atrial fibrillation was defined as new AF that occurred within 30 days after surgery. Our primary outcome was the incidence of stroke at 1 year of follow-up; secondary outcomes were mortality and myocardial infarction (MI). We compared outcomes among patients with and without POAF using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Among 18 117 patients (mean age 69 years, 57.4% male), 404 had POAF (2.2%). The stroke incidence 1 year after surgery was 5.58 vs. 1.54 per 100 patient-years in patients with and without POAF, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 3.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.00-5.90; P P P
AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the association between 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) and anti-TNFα levels and the optimal 6-TGN threshold level associated with higher anti-TNFα levels in combination therapy.
METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional multicentre study of patients with IBD on combination anti-TNFα and thiopurine maintenance therapy between January 2015 and August 2021. Primary outcomes were infliximab and adalimumab levels. Secondary outcomes were antibodies to infliximab (ATI) or adalimumab (ATA). Univariable and multivariable linear regression were performed to identify variables associated with anti-TNFα levels. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to define the optimal 6-TGN cut-off levels associated with therapeutic anti-TNFα levels.
RESULTS: The study included 743 paired 6-TGN and anti-TNFα levels (640 infliximab and 103 adalimumab). 6-TGN levels were associated with infliximab levels, but not adalimumab levels, on univariable and multivariable regression. The optimal 6-TGN cut-off associated with therapeutic infliximab levels (≥5 mcg/mL) was 261 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cell (RBC) (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.57) for standard infliximab dosing and 227.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.58) for escalated dosing. For therapeutic adalimumab levels (≥7.5 mcg/mL), the 6-TGN cut-off was 218.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.59) for standard adalimumab dosing and 237.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.63) for escalated dosing.
CONCLUSION: 6-TGN levels were weakly associated with infliximab but not adalimumab levels in combination therapy. 6-TGN levels in the lower end of the therapeutic range (230-260 pmol/8 × 108 RBC) may be adequate to maintain higher infliximab levels, particularly with escalated infliximab dosing.
BACKGROUND: MINS has been independently associated with 30-day mortality after noncardiac surgery. The characteristics and prognostic importance of MINS in vascular surgery patients are poorly described.
METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of 15,102 noncardiac surgery patients 45 years or older, of whom 502 patients underwent vascular surgery. All patients had fourth-generation plasma troponin T (TnT) concentrations measured during the first 3 postoperative days. MINS was defined as a TnT of 0.03 ng/mL of higher secondary to ischemia. The objectives of the present study were to determine (i) if MINS is prognostically important in vascular surgical patients, (ii) the clinical characteristics of vascular surgery patients with and without MINS, (iii) the 30-day outcomes for vascular surgery patients with and without MINS, and (iv) the proportion of MINS that probably would have gone undetected without routine troponin monitoring.
RESULTS: The incidence of MINS in the vascular surgery patients was 19.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.7%-22.6%). 30-day all-cause mortality in the vascular cohort was 12.5% (95% CI 7.3%-20.6%) in patients with MINS compared with 1.5% (95% CI 0.7%-3.2%) in patients without MINS (P < 0.001). MINS was independently associated with 30-day mortality in vascular patients (odds ratio, 9.48; 95% CI, 3.46-25.96). The 30-day mortality was similar in MINS patients with (15.0%; 95% CI, 7.1-29.1) and without an ischemic feature (12.2%; 95% CI, 5.3-25.5, P = 0.76). The proportion of vascular surgery patients who suffered MINS without overt evidence of myocardial ischemia was 74.1% (95% CI, 63.6-82.4).
CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 5 patients experienced MINS after vascular surgery. MINS was independently associated with 30-day mortality. The majority of patients with MINS were asymptomatic and would have gone undetected without routine postoperative troponin measurement.
METHODS: In this international, prospective cohort study of 15,065 patients aged 45 yr or older who underwent in-patient noncardiac surgery, troponin T was measured during the first 3 postoperative days. Patients with a troponin T level of 0.04 ng/ml or greater (elevated "abnormal" laboratory threshold) were assessed for ischemic features (i.e., ischemic symptoms and electrocardiography findings). Patients adjudicated as having a nonischemic troponin elevation (e.g., sepsis) were excluded. To establish diagnostic criteria for MINS, the authors used Cox regression analyses in which the dependent variable was 30-day mortality (260 deaths) and independent variables included preoperative variables, perioperative complications, and potential MINS diagnostic criteria.
RESULTS: An elevated troponin after noncardiac surgery, irrespective of the presence of an ischemic feature, independently predicted 30-day mortality. Therefore, the authors' diagnostic criterion for MINS was a peak troponin T level of 0.03 ng/ml or greater judged due to myocardial ischemia. MINS was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.87; 95% CI, 2.96-5.08) and had the highest population-attributable risk (34.0%, 95% CI, 26.6-41.5) of the perioperative complications. Twelve hundred patients (8.0%) suffered MINS, and 58.2% of these patients would not have fulfilled the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Only 15.8% of patients with MINS experienced an ischemic symptom.
CONCLUSION: Among adults undergoing noncardiac surgery, MINS is common and associated with substantial mortality.