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Prolonged low-salinity stress drives coordinated energy metabolism reprogramming and membrane lipid remodeling in the hepatopancreas of mated female mud crab (Scylla paramamosain): An integrated multi-omics study

Dildar T, Xue Y, Cui W, Waqas W, Ikhwanuddin M, Shen Z, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2026 Oct 26;234(Pt 1):120497.
PMID: 42933145 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120497

The mud crab Scylla paramamosain is a commercially important euryhaline crustacean, yet the long-term hepatopancreatic response to low salinity remains largely uncharacterized. Adult mated females were exposed to (30, 15, and 5 ppt) salinity for 40 days, and hepatopancreatic responses were assessed using integrated histological, biochemical, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic analyses. Low salinity exposure inhibited growth and survival and caused progressive hepatopancreatic injury, from lumen dilation at 15 ppt to severe vacuolization, basement-membrane disruption, and haemocyte infiltration at 5 ppt. Salinity stress elevated superoxide dismutase activity and reduced malondialdehyde content, whereas total protein declined, suggesting antioxidant activation and protein mobilization to meet energetic demands. Transcriptomic and gene set enrichment analyses showed coordinated activation of oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ribosome, and proteasome pathways, together with sustained cytochrome p450 and UDP glucuronosyltransferase mediated detoxification. Steroid biosynthesis was selectively suppressed under low salinity. Metabolomic profiling shifted with salinity level, from nutrient-sensing signaling and amino-acid metabolism at 15 ppt to AMPK and HIF-1 signaling, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and nucleotide metabolism at 5 ppt. Lipidomic evidence revealed extensive glycerophospholipid and cardiolipin remodeling, linking membrane adaptation with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Integrated analysis identified glycolysis/gluconeogenesis as the only significantly co-enriched pathway at 5 ppt, with pyruvate emerging as a key node linking glycolysis and the TCA cycle in the integrated network. Overall, prolonged low-salinity exposure compromises hepatopancreatic integrity while activating coordinated energy mobilization, membrane remodeling, and detoxification responses that support osmotic adaptation in female mud crabs.
Waterborne zinc mitigates cadmium-induced toxicity in the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) through regulation of bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism

Waqas W, Yuan Y, Dildar T, Wu C, Ullah A, Shah SAUR, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2026 Dec;233(Pt 2):120231.
PMID: 42579921 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120231

This study assessed the protective effects of zinc (Zn) against cadmium (Cd) toxicity in mud crabs, focusing on metal accumulation, tissue damage, antioxidant responses, fatty acid composition, and gene expression. Cd exposure resulted in significantly elevated metal concentrations, predominantly in the hepatopancreas, followed by gills and muscle tissues (P
High-resolution chromosome-level genome of Scylla paramamosain provides molecular insights into adaptive evolution in crabs

Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang M, Yu X, Qiu B, Wu F, et al.

BMC Biol, 2024 Nov 07;22(1):255.
PMID: 39511558 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-02054-1

BACKGROUND: Evolutionary adaptation drives organismal adjustments to environmental pressures, exemplified in the diverse morphological and ecological adaptations seen in Decapoda crustaceans, particularly brachyuran crabs. Crabs thrive in diverse ecosystems, from coral reefs to hydrothermal vents and terrestrial habitats. Despite their ecological importance, the genetic mechanisms underpinning their developmental processes, reproductive strategies, and nutrient acquisition remain poorly understood.
RESULTS: Here, we report a comprehensive genomic analysis of the green mud crab Scylla paramamosain using ultralong sequencing technologies, achieving a high-quality chromosome-level assembly. The refined 1.21 Gb genome, with an impressive contig N50 of 11.45 Mb, offers a valuable genomic resource. The genome exhibits 33,662 protein-coding genes, enriched in various pathways related to development and environmental adaptation. Gene family analysis shows expansion in development-related pathways and contraction in metabolic pathways, indicating niche adaptations. Notably, investigation into Hox gene regulation sheds light on their role in pleopod development, with the Abd-A gene identified as a linchpin. Post-transcriptional regulation involving novel-miR1317 negatively regulates Abd-A levels. Furthermore, the potential role of fru gene in ovarian development and the identification of novel-miR35 as a regulator of Spfru2 add complexity to gene regulatory networks. Comparative functional analysis across Decapoda species reveals neo-functionalization of the elovl6 gene in the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), suggesting its importance in environmental adaptation.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed light on various aspects of crab biology, including genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation, as well as gene family expansion, contraction, and regulatory mechanisms governing crucial developmental processes such as metamorphosis, reproductive strategies, and fatty acid metabolism.

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