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Fulltext Dietary Intake Research in Asian Children: Significance and Challenges

Henry CJ

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2015;61 Suppl:S189-91.
PMID: 26598852 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.S189

Food intake studies have a long history. However, until a few decades ago, there was limited quantitative data on feeding patterns and food intake in infants and children living in South Asia. The recent SEANUT study and MING study have provided several new insights into the dietary patterns of children living in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. The complexity and variety of Asian diets makes the collation of dietary information a challenge. The double burden of under-nutrition and over-nutrition is prevalent in many Asian countries. Compared to obesity, stunting is widespread in South East Asia. Our future challenge is to develop food intake assessment techniques which can be refined and made available as a common dietary assessment tool across this region. Successful nutritional intervention can only be achieved if we know what Asian children eat. Dietary intake research will be a key factor in realizing our goal to eradicate malnutrition in this region.
Dietary change, energy balance and body weight regulation among migrating students

Reeves SL, Henry CJ

Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2000 Nov;51(6):429-38.
PMID: 11271846 DOI: 10.1080/09637480050208044

This study was conducted to examine how subjects modulate their food intake and energy balance when they migrate from a low energy density food intake pattern to one of high energy density. It was hypothesised that an increase in the energy density of food consumed would result in increased body weight of the migrating subjects unless food intake and energy balance could be modulated. Food selection, food intake, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and anthropometric measurements were made on 53 female and 56 male newly arrived overseas students. All subjects were from Malaysia, but the data was collected at Oxford Brookes University where the subjects were studying. Food intake using 3-day food diaries and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). BMR and anthropometric measurements including body weight were measured on arrival in the UK and after 3 and 6 months' stay. Student's t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the data. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the energy density of the foods consumed in Malaysia and after 3 and 6 months in the UK. There was also a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in protein consumed. However, there were no differences in total energy intake. From results of the FFQs, differences were found in food selection due mainly to the lack of availability of certain foods in UK supermarkets. No significant differences were found in the BMR and anthropometric measurements made at the start of the study and later assessments. It appears that Malaysian students are able to remain in energy balance and are weight stable at least during the first 6 months of residence in the UK, despite the wider choice of energy dense food available. This suggests that at least in the short term, subjects are able to modulate their food intake in response to changes in the energy densities and free choice of food.
Glycaemic responses to liquid food supplements among three Asian ethnic groups

Tey SL, Van Helvoort A, Henry CJ

Eur J Nutr, 2016 Dec;55(8):2493-2498.
PMID: 26467048

PURPOSE: A limited number of studies have compared the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic responses (GR) to solid foods between Caucasians and Asians. These studies have demonstrated that Asians have greater GI and GR values for solid foods than Caucasians. However, no study has compared the GI and GR to liquids among various Asian ethnic groups.
METHODS: A total of forty-eight males and females (16 Chinese, 16 Indians, and 16 Malay) took part in this randomised, crossover study. Glycaemic response to the reference food (glucose beverage) was measured on three occasions, and GR to three liquids were measured on one occasion each. Liquids with different macronutrient ratio's and carbohydrate types were chosen to be able to evaluate the response to products with different GIs. Blood glucose concentrations were measured in duplicate at baseline (-5 and 0 min) and once at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after the commencement of beverage consumption.
RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in GI and GR between the three liquids (P
New predictive equations for estimation of basal metabolic rates of adolescents: tropics versus temperate

Noor MI, Poh BK, Zawiah H, Henry CJ

Forum Nutr, 2003;56:250-3.
PMID: 15806886

The energy and nutritional requirements of adolescents are influenced primarily by the growth spurt that occurs at puberty, and also by the need to maintain adequate levels of physical activity. Predictions of BMR have gained attention since the publication of the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) expert consultation report, which adopted the principle of relying on energy expenditure rather than energy intake to derive requirement of individuals. While the report predicts BMR accurately in many individuals from temperate climate, they are said to be less accurate in predicting BMR in populations living in the tropics. The collation of worldwide data on basal metabolism indicated that, relative to adults, there was a paucity of data in other age groups including the adolescents. Although several BMR studies among children had been reported in the 90's, the data in normal weight children are almost exclusively from small control groups in obesity studies. Furthermore, we know little as to whether BMR of children differs in differing climatic conditions. This paper presents predictive equations for estimating BMR from a two-centre study, Bangi (Malaysia) and Oxford (UK) and to compare the results with the currently used predictive equations.
Resting metabolic rate in a sample of girls in Malaysia and England

Henry CJ, Webster-Gandy JD, Koon PB, Ismail MN

Am J Hum Biol, 2005 Nov-Dec;17(6):818-20.
PMID: 16254909

This cross-sectional study of age matched (10-11 years), pre-menarcheal girls in England and Malaysia investigated the effect of ethnicity on resting metabolic rate (RMR). The children were recruited from schools in Oxford, England, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and all measurements were conducted in the schools. The Malaysian girls were shorter (143.7 +/- 6.5 cm and 140.1 +/- 5.3 cm (mean +/- SD) for the English and Malaysian girls respectively) and lighter (32.5 +/- 5.3 kg compared with 38.0 +/- 8.7 kg for the English girls) with a smaller fat mass and fat free mass (FFM) than the English girls. Energy expenditure was lower in the Malaysian girls (4555 +/- 531 kJ/day compared with 5178 +/- 688 kJ/day for the English girls). Although a difference in RMR was observed between the two groups, when corrected for body composition the difference was no longer significant. No effect of ethnicity on the relationship of FFM and RMR was shown when the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.
Fulltext A glycaemic index compendium of non-western foods

Henry CJ, Quek RYC, Kaur B, Shyam S, Singh HKG

Nutr Diabetes, 2021 01 06;11(1):2.
PMID: 33414403 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00145-w

Current international tables published on the glycaemic index (GI) of foods represent valuable resources for researchers and clinicians. However, the vast majority of published GI values are of Western origin, notably European, Australian and North American. Since these tables focus on Western foods with minimal inclusion of other foods from non-Western countries, their application is of limited global use. The objective of this review is to provide the GI values for a variety of foods that are consumed in non-Western countries. Our review extends and expands on the current GI tables in an attempt to widen its application in many other regions of the world.
The role of digestive factors in determining glycemic response in a multiethnic Asian population

Tan VM, Ooi DS, Kapur J, Wu T, Chan YH, Henry CJ, et al.

Eur J Nutr, 2016 Jun;55(4):1573-81.
PMID: 26160548 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0976-0

PURPOSE: There are wide inter-individual differences in glycemic response (GR). We aimed to examine key digestive parameters that influence inter-individual and ethnic differences in GR in healthy Asian individuals.
METHODS: Seventy-five healthy male subjects (25 Chinese, 25 Malays, and 25 Asian-Indians) were served equivalent available carbohydrate amounts (50 g) of jasmine rice (JR) and basmati rice (BR) on separate occasions. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were measured at fasting (-5 and 0 min) and at 15- to 30-min interval over 180 min. Mastication parameters (number of chews per mouth and chewing time per mouthful), saliva α-amylase activity, AMY1 gene copy numbers and gastric emptying rate were measured to investigate their relationships with GR.
RESULTS: The GR for jasmine rice was significantly higher than for basmati rice (P 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Mastication parameters contribute significantly to GR. Eating slowly and having larger food boluses before swallowing (less chewing), both potentially modifiable, may be beneficial in glycemic control.