The exponential growth of human population and anthropogenic activities have led to the increase of global surface water contamination especially in river, lakes and ocean. Safe and clean surface water sources are crucial to human health and well-being, aquatic ecosystem, environment and economy. Thus, water monitoring is vital to ensure minimal and controllable contamination in the water sources. The conventional surface water monitoring method involves collecting samples on site and then testing them in the laboratory, which is time-consuming and not able to provide real-time water quality data. In addition, it involves many manpower and resources, costly and lack of integration. These make surface water quality monitoring more challenging. The incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology has contributed to the improvement of monitoring system. There are different approaches in the development and implementation of online surface water quality monitoring system to provide real-time data collection with lower operating cost. This paper reviews the sensors and system developed for the online surface water quality monitoring system in the previous studies. The calibration and validation of the sensors, and challenges in the design and development of online surface water quality monitoring system are also discussed.
The increasing prevalence of tibial plateau fractures has led more orthopedic surgeons to focus on effective reduction and stabilization, which requires thorough preoperative assessment. The advent of computed tomography (CT) scans and three-dimensional reconstruction has revolutionized fracture analysis, enabled precise delineation, and improved surgical planning. Historically, the tibial plateau classification based on 2D radiographs was the standard. However, the use of CT imaging has refined this with advancements in imaging, which categorizes fractures based on anatomical columns and cortical involvement. Recently, the classification has also included landmarks like the fibular tubercle and superficial medial collateral ligament, providing a more comprehensive quadrant-based classification. In practice, we utilized a single-incision approach to address anterolateral and posterolateral fragments simultaneously. This technique is recognized for its safety, minimizing risks to vital structures like the peroneal nerve and arteries. By preserving ligament integrity and neurovascular structures, tailored surgical approaches can optimize outcomes. Integrating advanced imaging techniques and refined classifications has significantly improved the management of tibial plateau fractures. These advancements allow surgeons to plan and execute surgeries with greater precision, enhancing patient outcomes. As the field evolves, ongoing research and innovation will likely lead to even more effective strategies, underscoring the importance of staying current with the latest orthopedic developments for optimal patient care.