Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that can disrupt the normal functions of the reproductive system. The objective of the study is to investigate the potential protective effects of Tualang honey against BPA-induced uterine toxicity in pubertal rats. The rats were administered with BPA by oral gavage over a period of six weeks. Uterine toxicity in BPA-exposed rats was determined by the degree of the morphological abnormalities, increased lipid peroxidation, and dysregulated expression and distribution of ERα, ERβ, and C3 as compared to the control rats. Concurrent treatment of rats with BPA and Tualang honey significantly improved the uterine morphological abnormalities, reduced lipid peroxidation, and normalized ERα, ERβ, and C3 expressions and distribution. There were no abnormal changes observed in rats treated with Tualang honey alone, comparable with the control rats. In conclusion, Tualang honey has potential roles in protecting the uterus from BPA-induced toxicity, possibly accounted for by its phytochemical properties.
In recent decades, cadmium (Cd) has garnered significant global attention due to its extensive and potentially harmful health effects, even at low exposure levels. Improper management of cadmium waste can lead to severe environmental pollution, ultimately affecting living organisms through various exposure routes. This study aims to compile and review the latest data on the toxic effects of Cd exposure on critical body systems and functions, with a particular focus on the early stages of development (prepubertal period) across different species. The review highlights Cd's impact on the reproductive, neurobehavioral, cognitive, immune, renal systems, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into how early Cd exposure may contribute to the development of various diseases in later life.