Periodontitis is a complex, multifactorial chronic inflammatory condition that impacts the adjacent hard and soft tissues. Microorganisms, especially gram-negative anaerobic pathogens, are a causative factor for periodontal disease. Periodontitis is identified by observing deeper periodontal pockets, clinical attachment loss, and the reduction of alveolar bone, often in conjunction with these indicators. The condition can vary in severity and be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Scaling and root planing, combined with mechanical debridement, may not adequately reduce the bacterial load; therefore, adding local or systemic antimicrobials is advised as an adjunctive treatment. Commonly utilized local drug delivery agents for patients suffering from periodontitis include tetracycline, metronidazole, minocycline, doxycycline, and chlorhexidine. This system targets the pockets and eliminates the pathogens. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole compound used commonly against gram-negative anaerobes. Its mechanism lies in four basic steps through which bacterial cell death occurs. A 25% metronidazole gel is used widely in periodontitis patients. The effectiveness of metronidazole as a local drug delivery agent has been evaluated in numerous studies, which have shown improvements in clinical parameters. To achieve favorable clinical outcomes, the non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis should involve the systemic or local administration of metronidazole. Thus, the role of metronidazole in the emergence of periodontal diseases and its therapeutic uses are investigated in this narrative review.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing each of the healthcare fields, including periodontology, through the improvement of every diagnosis, treatment plan, and the handling of all patients. AI-driven technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision are incorporated into radiographic analysis, automated disease detection, and prognosis prediction. These improvements effectively enable the early detection of periodontal diseases and efficient classification of disease severity. In addition, they allow for specially personalized treatment approaches. AI makes automated periodontal charting, virtual patient monitoring, and decision support systems easier, which improve clinical outcomes and patient care. Despite its immense potential, many substantial difficulties remain, such as data privacy, algorithm reliability, and the meaningful need for clinical validation. This review indicates the revolutionary function of AI in many current dental works and explores all present uses, advantages, limits, and possibilities in periodontology.
Introduction As the focus on dental aesthetics intensifies, contemporary cosmetic dentistry seeks to establish an equilibrium between teeth and gums. Gingival hyperpigmentation, resulting from excessive melanin accumulation, can impact individuals regardless of age or gender and frequently gives rise to aesthetic apprehensions. Microneedling combined with topical vitamin C is a promising new method for improving gum appearance, particularly for reducing gingival hyperpigmentation caused by excess melanin. Microneedling is less expensive, more versatile, and promotes faster healing than traditional procedures like lasers or surgery. Materials and methods A study with 10 participants at the Karnavati School of Dentistry demonstrated significant pigmentation reduction. A paste was made with powdered ascorbic acid and a liquid ampule solution and applied with a Derma Pen (Dr. Pen Ultima A1, C Cube Advanced Technologies, India), which is a rechargeable pen-like instrument with 24-36 adjustable needles (0.25 mm to 2 mm) and five-speed settings. The gadget enables multi-directional treatment, and its disposable needle tips assure clean use with several patients. Results A significant decrease in melanin pigmentation was observed across all age groups, but anatomical challenges, such as irregular gingival contours, hampered results in some cases. Conclusion Microneedling is a safe and effective option for improving gingival aesthetics. As the technique evolves, it has the potential for broader applications.
This is a comprehensive narrative assessment of micronutrient relevance for periodontal health. The periodontium is a crucial and intricate structure that supports the tooth within the alveolar bone. Composed of four tissues with distinct embryological origins- the alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva, and periodontal ligament - the periodontium plays a fundamental role in maintaining dento-alveolar function and homeostasis. Periodontitis is gaining attention due to its widespread occurrence worldwide. This inflammatory condition disrupts the balance between the host immune response and microbial virulence factors. Connective tissue production and host defenses require proteins for periodontal health. Vegetable proteins support periodontal health by promoting tissue repair and immune function, while excessive dietary fats can exacerbate inflammation and increase the risk of periodontal disease (PD). Inflammation is further compounded due to dietary animal fats, which contribute to the risk of PD. Omega-3 fatty acids are well-known for their anti-inflammatory effects, which help reduce periodontal inflammation. Adequate intake of essential minerals and vitamins is required for maintaining periodontal health. Vitamins K, D, and A are crucial in maintaining oral epithelial integrity, facilitating bone development, and supporting overall tissue maintenance. Inadequate calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) levels have been associated with severe PD. Antioxidants such as vitamin C help alleviate inflammation in periodontal tissues. As recognized by dental professionals, nutritional status plays a considerable role in an individual's risk of developing PD.