This article is a traditional literature review on caries levels in aggressive periodontitis. Aggressive periodontitis generally affects systemically healthy individuals aged <30 years (older individuals can also be affected) and is characterized by a young age of onset, rapid rate of disease progression, and familial aggregation of cases. Dental caries is caused by the dissolution of enamel by acid-producing bacteria present in the plaque biofilm, especially when the biofilm reaches critical mass due to improper oral hygiene. The association between caries level and aggressive periodontitis has long been debated. Initial research indicated that caries levels were high in patients with aggressive periodontitis, but high-quality studies have consistently shown that caries and aggressive periodontitis are inversely related. A recent in vitro study showed that Streptococcus mutans was killed more readily in the saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans positivity than in patients with A. actinomycetemcomitans negativity. Other mechanisms possibly explaining the inverse relationship between caries and aggressive periodontitis in cases of Down's syndrome are also discussed in this literature review. The usefulness of caries level in the diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis in developing countries such as India, where the disease is diagnosed primarily on the basis of clinical and radiographic features and familial history is also discussed.
Introduction: Oral tori and exostosis are non-pathological bony protuberances seen on the alveolar surfaces of the jaw bones. These are commonly seen on the palatal surfaces of the maxilla [torus palatinus (TP)] and around the premolars in the lingual surface of the mandible [torus mandibularis (TM)]. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of tori/exostosis in the Malaysian population.
Methodology: A total of 2666 patients were examined for the presence of tori and exostosis in the maxilla and mandible and were categorized into TP, TM, and exostosis (facial/labial). Collected data was analysed for obtaining descriptive statistics.
Results: 882 subjects were noticed with oral tori/exostosis among the population studied with a prevalence rate of 33%. TP was seen more in females (35%), compared to males (20%), and this difference was statistically significant (p value
The Kyoto Consensus introduced a key conceptual shift in characterizing acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients into Type-A and Type-B phenotypes. A day-long meeting was convened at Istanbul during APASL 2026 to assess the real-world applicability of Type-A and Type-B ACLF across continents. The objective was that physicians could recognize ACLF as a unified disease entity, and quality research and new therapeutic options with defined end-points could be undertaken. Data from APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC), EASL-CLIF and NACSELD were assessed and discussed in detail. While the applicability of Type-A and Type-B varied across cohorts, the definition required to be appended. The experts unanimously agreed that 'liver failure' as identified by serum bilirubin of ≥ 5 mg/dl and INR ≥ 1.5 should be the 'core' for both Type-A and Type-B ACLF. Type-A ACLF is considered when "a patient with compensated advanced chronic liver disease or compensated cirrhosis presents with index decompensation as liver failure followed by development of ascites and/or hepatic encephalopathy within 4 weeks." Type-B ACLF is considered when "a patient with prior or concurrent decompensated cirrhosis presents with acute decompensation as liver failure accompanied by one or more extrahepatic organ failures." New definitions of organ dysfunction and failure, as well as endpoints for clinical trials, were also deliberated and finalized. The "Istanbul Report", presents a milestone evidence based consensus document carrying harmonization of various aspects of ACLF, incorporating current evidence, critically analyzed unanimous recommendations, and key areas for future studies.