Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects blood sugar levels and vital organs in the body. Early detection is crucial given the increasing global prevalence of diabetes and the grave risk of complications if not properly managed. Thus, a good prediction system is necessary. Although the Decision Tree (DT) is commonly used for classification, it is less effective with large datasets. We propose hyperparameter optimization of the DT using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), which has exploration and both exploitation capabilities. However, the limited search space of GWO may hinder practical exploration and exploitation, leading to premature optimization. To address this, we propose a modified GWO (MGWO) by adding the Levy distribution function to enhance the movements of alpha, beta, and delta wolves. We also provide GA (Genetic Algorithm) as a comparative algorithm. The fitness value of MGWO is 0.8498, surpassing GWO (0.8373) and GA (0.8492). Evaluation results indicate that MGWO and GA yield similar and superior accuracy compared to GWO. The proposed method outperforms existing ones. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of varying the number of wolves on optimization performance and classification accuracy.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships of selected facial measurements with mesio-distal crown widths and dental arch dimensions in individuals with normal occlusions. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 276 subjects with Angle's Class I normal occlusions. Three-dimensional images of the face and dental casts were captured and analyzed using stereophotogrammetric systems. Significant correlations were found between the sagittal facial variables and both upper and lower dental arch dimensions and to lesser degree with the horizontal and vertical variables. The values of correlation coefficients calculated between facial and dental crown measurements ranged from .01 to .50 for upper teeth and .01 to .49 for lower teeth. The values of correlation coefficients between facial and upper dental arch dimensions ranged from .01 to .55 and those between facial and lower dental arch dimensions ranged from .01 to .60. A principal components analysis showed that the sagittal dimensions, face height, nose, labial fissure, binocular widths were positively associated with dental arch dimensions and mesio-distal crown diameters in males. On the other hand, only the sagittal variables were associated with dental dimensions in females. The results of this study confirm that positive associations exist between facial and dental arch dimensions. These relationships should be taken into consideration when attempts are made to modify dental arch size as part of orthodontic treatment. Moreover, these relationships are also relevant to prosthodontists involved with selecting tooth sizes that display optimal functional balance with the craniofacial structures.
It is clear that population-specific norms should be used when planning plastic and reconstructive surgery for selected patients. In this study, we aimed to generate nasal and labial reference values by applying a stereophotogrammetric technique. A further aim was to investigate the effect of sexual dimorphism, age-related changes, and the interrelation between nasal and labial morphology.