METHODS: A total of 307 archived isolates collected over six months from June to December 2024 from clinical cases of S. aureus were screened using cefoxitin and oxacillin disc diffusion. Potential BORSA isolates were confirmed by gradient diffusion testing. Nitrocefin and double-disc synergy tests confirmed β-lactamase production. Patients' clinical and demographic data were retrospectively reviewed and analysed for outcomes according to the prescribed antibiotic regimen.
RESULTS: The prevalence of BORSA was 6.5% (n = 20). All isolates exhibited β-lactamase production. Most isolates (65%, n = 13) were recovered from bloodstream infections, predominantly affecting adults (mean age 48.5 years) with comorbidities, specifically diabetes mellitus (65%, n = 13) and renal pathologies (45%, n = 9). Resistance to tetracycline and fusidic acid was observed in 65% (n = 13) and 25% (n = 5) of isolates, respectively. Patients managed with β-lactam-based regimens achieved clinical resolution, whereas treatment with vancomycin resulted in a 50% mortality rate.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of BORSA at our hospital was 6.5%. Phenotypic evidence suggests this resistance is driven by β-lactamase hyperproduction. Accurate identification is clinically critical to avoid unnecessary use of vancomycin or therapeutic failure with standard penicillin.
METHOD: This study systematically reviewed articles from 2013 to 2024 across five prominent databases; PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct, EMBASE, Cochrane library and DOAJ. The study eligibility criteria include original studies assessing using gastric cancer cell lines and articles utilizing extracted andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata or standard andrographolide source treatment. The following exclusion criteria were articles written in a different language, review articles, book chapters, conference articles, scientific reports. Duplicated articles were removed using Mendeley software.
RESULT: Out of 93 articles, six were relevant, primarily focusing on in vitro analyses with gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines.
CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that andrographolide can hinder the cell cycle, suppress cell proliferation, alleviate oxidative stress, and induce apoptosis by prompting gastric cancer cells to undergo self-destruction, which is a crucial mechanism for controlling and eliminating cancerous growths.