Objective: This retrospective study aims to evaluate the possible effects of antihypertensive drugs on alveolar bone loss in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: 50 patients on antihypertensive drugs selected as the experimental group and 50 patients with chronic periodontitis with no known systemic illnesses as control group were randomly selected as the study samples. Orthopantomographs were obtained, calibration and assessment of alveolar bone loss was performed by using the computer software program available in the faculty, through radiographic linear measurement procedure. Premolars, first and second molars of both maxilla and mandible were measured from the most apical point to the cementoenamel junction for mesial and distal aspects in the form of millimetres and percentile of the root length. Data was statistically analyzed using independent t-test and Analysis of Covariance in SPSS Version 23 with significance at P-value, p
Abstract
Introduction: Orthodontic treatment even though managed and properly controlled , on some remote occasion
may lead to presence of unwanted movement. Anterior open bite is one such example of an iatrogenic
outcome. This article describes the management of an iatrogenic anterior open bite case that occurred in active
orthodontic treatment in the early stage of leveling and aligning. A few modalities had been employed to
manage the open bite through some artistic bends followed by the use of modified low transpalatal arch with
extended looped arms with loops as well as orthodontic mini implants for distalisation and some intrusion
mechanics. This case report is aimed to share authors’ anecdotal experience on overcoming the open bite.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To evaluate the influence of music in reducing patients’ anxiety during periodontal surgery. Methods:
This is a clinical trial of involving fifteen patients undergoing periodontal surgery. Patients indicated for
periodontal surgery were invited to participate in the study, and randomly assigned to music (n=8) or control
(n=7) groups. Participants’ dental anxiety were determined using the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) before
and after the surgery, while their blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at pre-, intra- and
post-procedures. Paired t-test was used to compare the statistical significant difference between pre- and postprocedural anxiety for both groups. Result: The participants of this study consist of 22 patients that underwent
periodontal surgery procedures, with majority of the subjects (53.3%) were males (n=8) and the mean age was
50.8 (SD=13.21). The measurement of blood pressure increased in patients allocated in music group compared
to control group were statistically significant with (p
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis 1) to reduce dental anxiety in periodontal patients, and
2) to increase periodontal patients’ compliance through the reduction of dental anxiety. Methods: This was a
randomized control trial of 22 patients (13 males, 9 females; 40.14 ± 19.59 years) who underwent non-surgical
periodontal therapy in the Postgraduate and Undergraduate Clinics. Patients were divided into the case, H,
(hypnosis; n=11) and controlled, N, (no hypnosis; n=11) groups, where patients’ dental anxiety level was assessed
twice for both groups using IDAF-4C+ during the first visit and the second visit. The compliance was evaluated
during the follow-up visit. Results: The result showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the H
group during the second visit indicating a reduction in dental anxiety as compared to N group. However, there
were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pattern of reduction of blood pressure between both
case and control groups. Based on the heart rate, patients were found to be more relaxed with hypnotherapy
at the beginning of the treatment but halfway through, patients without hypnotherapy had a more significant
reduction in heart rate level. Conclusion: Hypnotic suggestions were found to help reduce patient’s fear and
anxiety. However, the compliance of the patients with or without hypnotherapy proved to have a similar outcome.
Objective: To assess if the recall appointments and the use of radiographs for paediatric dental patients at Faculty of Dentistry, UiTM comply with current guidelines. Materials and Method: A retrospective study was conducted using patients’ dental records that were registered at the Faculty of Dentistry UiTM. The sample consisted of 350 randomly chosen treatment records of paediatric patients aged between birth and 16 years of age at the time of data collection which was in the year 2016. Data collection included demographic details, whom the cases were treated by, caries risk assessment, radiographs taken and time taken for the patient’s review appointments. Results: An initial sample size of 350 records were assessed. The mean age of patients seen when they were first seen is 6.3 years old. Caries Risk Assessment was not reported in majority of the cases (58%,). Baseline radiographs were taken in 44.6% of the cases. For the assessment of recall attendance, only samples with data on CRA was analysed (n=145). The review appointments at 3 months interval was 70% whereas at 6 months was 6.2% and one year recall was 6.7%. A chi-square test showed significant difference (p=0.013) between the category of operators for the 1-year review whereby review was higher among students and specialists as compared to dental officers. Conclusion: This study shows poor adherence to the recommended recall protocol as suggested by NICE and AAPD guidelines. Further studies need to be done to assess the patients’ and clinicians awareness regarding the recall protocol and determine the problems causing poor recall attendance.
Objectives: To assess interradicular spaces of maxilla and mandible in subjects with class I sagittal skeletal relationship as an aid for miniscrew placement. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 47 adult subjects with class I skeletal relationship. Interradicular spaces were obtained at the alveolar processes from first premolar to second molar at 2 different vertical levels (6 and 8mm) from the cementoenamel junction (C.E.J). Results: In the maxilla, the highest inter-radicular space existed between second premolar and first molar. In the mandible, the highest interradicular space existed between first and second molar. All mandibular measurements were higher than their respective maxillary measurement. Generally, availability of interradicular space increases apically in both arches, but the difference is not significant. In the maxilla, male subjects’ measurement were significantly higher at 8 mm level between second premolar and first molar and between first and second molar Conclusions: Interradicular spac-es in the maxillary and mandibular alveolar spaces are available for miniscrew placement. In both arches, a more apical location provides more interradicular space. However, careful planning is needed to avoid sinus perforation.
Objectives: To evaluate the impact of the clinical instructor communication on dental students’ clinical training in Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM). Materials and Methods: A sample of 174 undergraduate clinical dental students were recruited to complete the Clinical Education Instructional Quality Questionnaire (ClinEd IQ) which consists of forty-five questions, forty-three multiple choice questions and two open-ended. The multiple-choice questions consist of 3 subscales which were measured on a six-point Likert Scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. The open-ended responses were analysed using thematic analysis. This paper discusses the Subscale of interaction with clinical instructors and the open-ended responses. Results: The responses of 150 students were evaluated. The students rated their interaction with instructors with a mean score of 4.64 on a six -point scale. There was a significant difference between mean scores for each academic level with year five students’ score being highest. There were four areas of concern identified through the open-ended responses. Conclusion: While the quality of supervision in terms of interaction with clinical instructors is considered satisfactory and the students generally reported positive experiences, there is room for improvements especially regarding areas of concern.
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of handedness and its impact on the perceived difficulty in clinical training amongst undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted in 5 dental schools around the Klang Valley. Samples consisted of year 4 and year 5 clinical undergraduate dental students. Information on the socio-demographic data, the determination of handedness and assesment of perceived difficulty in carrying out certain clinical procedures were collected. Results: A total sample of 347 participants of which 76.9% were females was obtained. The distribution of year 4 and year 5 students in the sample were equal. Eighty five percent of the samples were right-handed, 9.5% were ambidextrous and 5.5% were left-handed. Statistically significant difference was found between handedness groups for the combined clinical procedures variable: F (2.100), P
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the quality of bitewing radiograph taken by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) dental
students during daily clinical practices and to evaluate the difference in caries lesions found on bitewing
radiographs and clinical examination.
Materials and method: 120 patients who attended the undergraduate dental clinic for dental examination were
included in this study. The inclusion criteria were patients within the age range of 17-45 years old, possessing
at least three sets of posterior teeth, with bitewing radiographs taken by undergraduate dental students. The
number of caries lesions detected by clinical examination, bitewing radiographs, and a combination of both
methods were recorded. The quality of 240 bitewing radiographs was classified into three categories; excellent,
acceptable, and unacceptable. The frequency of radiographic errors; foreshortening/elongation, horizontal
overlapping, inadequate film coverage, non-ideal centering and inadequate contrast and density were also
evaluated.
Results: The quality of bitewing radiographs are mostly accepted to be used as a diagnostic tool and one of the
factors which commonly affected the quality of the bitewing is the overlapping of adjacent teeth. The highest
number of caries lesions were detected radiographically (74%) compared with 25% caries by clinical
examination. The majority of radiographs (71%, n=171) were deemed to be of acceptable quality, 39(16%) were
excellent, and 30(13%) were diagnostically unacceptable. “Horizontal overlap” was the most common error
detected on the radiographs (n=139, 57.9%), followed by “non-ideal centering” (n=93, 38.8%), “inadequate
contrast” (n=46, 19.2%) and “inadequate film coverage” (n=24,10%). The highest number of caries lesions were
detected radiographically (74%) compared with 25% caries by clinical examination.
Conclusion: The quality of the majority of bitewing radiographs taken by undergraduate dental students in this
institution is acceptable. However, given that more than half of the radiographs possessed horizontal
overlapping error, caries diagnosis may have been underestimated. Further training and periodic audits are
required to reduce the percentage of errors in bitewing radiographs amongst undergraduate dental students.
Objective: To evaluate feasibility of hand gloves as a rubber dam isolation alternative, in respect of physical properties. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial study design was used. Three types of gloves were tested with two types of a rubber dam used as the control group. Cut-out pattern of dumb-bell shapes were made from 35 samples for each type of groups and tensile strength were tested using Universal Testing Machine and the Trapezium X software. All tests for physical requirements were performed in accord-ance with American Society for Testing and Materials D412, Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension. Findings were analyzed by analysis of vari-ance (ANOVA) and differences were compared using a Tukey-Kramer interval calculated at the 0.05 signifi-cance level. Results: Heavy gauge rubber dam has the highest Mean (calculated at the 0.05 significance level) except for maximum stress calculated at entire area. Medium-gauge rubber dam has significantly higher tensile strength (44.5075 N/mm2) when compared to heavy-gauge rubber dam (35.7787 N/mm2) although it was 0.09mm thinner. Discovery 2020 Powder Free Latex Examination Gloves with tensile strength value of 28.5922 N/mm2 (±3.27366) is more than the minimum requirement specified by American Federal Specification ZZ-R90B Rubber Dam (Dental, 1985) (4000 pounds per square inch or 27.6 N/mm2). For all variable tested, all groups are significantly different from each other. The mean square between the groups was quite large. Conclusion: This study shows that there are significant differences between the physical strength of latex gloves when com-pared to rubber dam. However, the comparison between thickness and tensile strength among various rubber dam, did not correspond proportionately. Only one type of rubber gloves met the minimum requirement but that is just one aspect. In view of these mixed results, more research is needed before we can conclude that it is feasable that we use hand gloves to replace rubber dam.
Objective: To conduct a systematic review of identifying the clinical efficacy of caries preventive interventions in community-dwelling elders. Background: As the human lifespan increases, the elders are known to retain their teeth for longer. Therefore, the need to uncover effective ways of preventing caries among this age group is relevant. Methods: A search was conducted using four databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science using the keywords (caries OR demineralization) AND prevention AND (adult OR aged). The titles and abstracts were initially screened for the use of caries prevention interventions. Studies were excluded based on the predetermined criteria. The full texts of the remaining studies were then evaluated. Results: Of 6952 articles identified from the search, fifty full texts were evaluated. Finally, ten studies were analyzed. One study found rinsing with 0.05% of NaF twice daily resulted in lower coronal caries increment. Another study reported the use of 1,100 ppm of NaF dentifrice twice daily showed lower percentage of coronal and root caries. A reduction of root caries was observed from using 5,000 ppm fluoridated toothpaste twice daily, annual professional 38% SDF solution application, six-monthly professional cleaning and APF gel application. The use of 0.12% CHX rinse and xylitol chewing gum did not show reduction of caries incidence. Conclusion: Toothbrushing with 5,000 ppm of NaF dentifrice, rinsing with 0.05% NaF, professional application of 38% SDF solution and APF gel may be effective at preventing caries among the elders.
Objectives: To assess the occlusal features, tongue habits, lip competence and their gender dimorphism in 12 years old Malaysian Malay school-children.
Materials and methods: The method involved cl inical examination of 208 subjects from public schools in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Occlusal status was assessed according to Angle classification. The following features were also assessed and recorded: overjet, overbite, traumatic overbite, crowding, spacing, midline diastema, cross bite, scissors bite, dental midline shifts, canine displacement, missing teeth, traumatically fractured teeth, tongue thrust and lip competence. Descriptive statistics were used for all measurements; Chi-square was used to assess gender differences.
Results: Class I malocclusion is most prevalent in boys and girls (44.0% and 43.8% respectively), followed by Class Ill malocclusion (31% in boys and 30 .4% in girls). Anterior crowding was found in 69.7% of the sample while anterior spacing was found in 30.8%. Incompetent lips were more common in boys than gir1s.
Conclusions: The prevalence of malocclusion in this age group may warrant the need for more preventive and interceptive measures in dental and oral health planning.
Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic disease which remain undiagnosed and untreated without proper examination and referral to specialist clinic for further management Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the pattern of referrals to Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Periodontal Specialist Clinic. Materials and methods: A total of 176 periodontal cases referred to UiTM Periodontal Specialist Clinic in year 2011 and 2016 were identified and patient’s referral forms were collected. The data obtained were the referred cases from undergraduate student clinics, other specialist clinics, UiTM primary dental care clinic and private dental clinics. Descriptive data analysis was conducted using frequency distribution by SPSS. Chi square analysis was used to evaluate the association of source of referral, diagnosis and reason for referrals to Periodontal Specialist Clinic. Results: There was increased referral cases to Periodontal Specialist Clinic in 2016 (86.9%) compared to 2011 (13.1%). Most referral to Periodontal Specialist Clinic were received from faculty’s undergraduate student clinic in both 2011 and 2016 (46%), followed by other specialists (27.3%), primary care clinic (25.6%) and private practice (1.1%). 96% of cases were referred for intervention by periodontist as more than half of the cases were referred for the non-surgical periodontal treatment. Chi square analysis showed the association between source of referral and reason for referral was statistically significant (p value=0.000). Conclusion: Proper periodontal screening in all patients and necessary referral to specialist clinic is crucial to prevent undiagnosed periodontal disease.
Objective: To evaluate the root debridement skill in periodontology pre-clinical module among dental students and to estimate the effectiveness of conducting periodontology pre-clinical module before entering clinical module. Materials and Method: : A total of 47 pre-clinical dental students (Year 2) were included in this study. Single rooted extracted teeth were collected, mounted on acrylic resin and set into the level of 1/3 of the root length. Each of them were instructed to prepare a mounted teeth and to perform root debridement procedure on the labial surface of the tooth only within 10 minutes using Gracey curette #5/6. The similar samples were distributed back to the same students (which were already in clinical year (year 4) to repeat the same procedure on the lingual surface of the same tooth. Root surface roughness was evaluated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometer for both labial and lingual surfaces. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test and T-test. Significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was assumed for all analysis. Results: SEM photomicrographs of root surfaces with magnifications of 100x and 800x revealed that there were incomplete removal of the dental calculus in both surfaces and significant roughness root surfaces noted. Conclusion: : No significant differences noted between the students’ root debridement skill in the pre-clinical and also clinical year. Objectives of the current module were fulfilled but in order to meet the highest standard, current module need to be improved in the future.
Background: Muscular pain is the most common symptom associated to muscular skeletal disorders (MSDs). Dentists were exposed to ergonomic hazards while treating the patients. Without proper dental ergonomics, they are predisposed to the MSDs. Objective: This present study was designed to analyse the prevalence of muscular pain among practising dentists in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and it relatedness to ergonomic factors. Methodology: A total of 25 dentists were participated in this pilot study. The inclusion criteria include working experience of at least six months and those who were readily diagnosed with musculoskeletal disorders were excluded. A self-administered questionaire was employed to gather demogaphic informations and close ended (“yes” or “no”) questions were asked to assess the muscular pain experienced in the last 12 months. The collected data were then analysed statistically. Result: The result showed a 100% response rate. 92% of the respondents were reported to experience muscular pain, particularly on the upper body parts. Only maintenance of same postures without microbreaks and performing torsions or cervical flexions to improve vision of oral cavity correlate significantly (P
Blood pressure (BP) measurement was first recorded in 1700's by Hales who concluded that it was due to a pressure in the blood (1 , 2]. This is his well renowned discovery besides his other experiments on the capacity of ventricles and many other feature of circulatory system. The development of BP measurement was then rather quiet until about a century later. The accurate study of BP started with the introduction of mercury manometer by Poiseuille in 1800's who demonstrated that the arterial pressure was maintained in smaller arteries and that the blood flow through mesenteric bed did not depend on development of the venous change but varied directly with arterial pressure [3]. In the year of 1928, Poiseuille work was recognised when he won the gold medal of Royal Academy of Medicine for his doctoral dissertation on the measurement of BP using mercury manometer that was directly inserted with cannula filled with potassium bicarbonate as anticoagulant into an artery [3]. Later, his invention has enabled Carl Ludwig to develop kymograph, a method to record clinical physiological data including the BP measurements [3]. (Copied from article).
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of light-cure devices and curing times on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.
Material and Methods: 60-extracted human premolars were divided into 6-groups of 10-teeth each and bonded with stainless-steel brackets by using 3M Unitek Transbond XT composite. Specimens were cured with halogen, LED and plasma arc lights with two different times for each. The specimens were subjected to shear force till debond with a crosshead speed of 1mm/min and tested after 5min. The stress was calculated and data were subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 post hoc comparison test were used. There were no significant differences between the 6 groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: all curing light methods with loading force after 5 min achieved SBS more than the normal range; therefore, arch wire can be inserted at the same visit using any of tested curing light device or curing time.
Objectives:To determine the different occlusal characteristics in primary dentition of 3 to 6 year old Malay children and to create a preliminary database for future Malaysian studies as currently none of the studies has been conducted in Malaysian population regarding the occlusal features in primary dentition. Materials and method:The subjects were within the age ranging from 3 – 6 years old attending nurseries and kindergartens located within Sungai Buloh, Selangor. Sixty subjects were screened but only 47 fulfilled the criteria to be included in this study. Intra-oral examination was done to determine the terminal plane, canine relationship, overjet, overbite and primate space in the subjects. Results: Almost two thirds of the subjects (72.34%) presented with straight terminal plane. All but one subject were observed with Class I canine relationship. 61.7% subjects were with an ideal overjet and 53.19% of subjects had an ideal overbite. The mean value for primate space in the maxilla was 2.92mm and 1.60mm in the mandible. There was no significant difference between gender in all the parameters assessed. Conclusion: The results from the study shown that only few of the subjects had a tendency of malocclusion in their permanent dentition. However, a longitudinal study should be done to follow up their occlusal feature in the permanent dentition.
Objective: : The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the pressure indicating film in measuring pressure exerted on it with and without Polyethylene (PE) sleeve as infection control purposes, and to analyze the pressure produced with its software for occlusal force study. Materials and Methods: The optimization of the pressure indicating film for occlusal force analysis commenced with the design and calibration of this sheet. The film was designed into horseshoe shape to suit the shape of maxillary and mandibular arches. The calibration was initiated with 5 different types of pressure which were 15 MPa, 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa and 45 MPa exerted on two groups of the film: (i) with PE sleeve and (ii) without PE sleeve. Three readings were recorded for each group and mean value was documented. Then, the films were calibrated by its software for pressure analysis. Results: There was no significance difference found between the film with and without PE sleeve during the calibration stage (P>0.05). In all groups of pressure, there was no significant difference documented between pressure exerted and read out value. Conclusion: The results suggested that the film can be used for occlusal force analysis and improvement of the film with addition of PE sleeve for hygienic purpose is suitable to form the basis of clinical occlusal forces study.
Honey is a rich source of natural nutrients. Its production is a slow, natural process with the pace of which varies seasonally. However, based on recent reports, we hypothesize that the long-term storage of processed honey, even under the most appropriate storage conditions, results in a deterioration of its quality. To test our hypothesis, we collected Tualang honey samples harvested during the years 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010 and tested various parameters including physicochemical properties and also performed comparative analyses of antioxidant capacities to assess its medicinal values. Our results indicate that, upon long-term storage, the quality of honey samples deteriorates, as observed in our TH 2008 and TH 2005 year honey samples, which showed unacceptable quality based on the recommended criteria of free acidity (71 .34±1.31 meq/kg), moisture (27.72%), diastase activity (3.38±0.34 Goth scale) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (449.89±3.23 mg/kg) by Codex and European Commission Regulation. A significant (p