METHODS: Available databases such as Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase/OVID were used in the search. Case-control studies reporting on periodontal disease and dementia parameters were selected based on PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes) framework. A Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality reporting of the studies and PRISMA guideline was used for screening.
RESULTS: A total of ten studies were identified for analysis. Most studies reported higher plaque index score (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) among individuals diagnosed with dementia or Alzheimer's disease compared with clinically healthy controls or individual diagnosed without dementia. A higher prevalence of subjects with severe periodontal disease was also observed in individuals diagnosed with dementia/Alzheimer's disease. The quality of the studies was found to be moderate with lower comparability and ascertainment criteria scores.
CONCLUSION: This qualitative analysis has shown poor periodontal health and increased inflammatory mediators in case groups compared to the control groups. Thus, more quality studies and novel intervention are warranted to reduce the impact of periodontal health on dementia globally.
Methods: The posterior parts of the archwires were sectioned into 20 mm segments (N = 102) and divided among six groups. Four groups were treated with different pH levels and two served as controls. The specimens were immersed in individual test tubes containing 10 ml of artificial saliva adjusted to a pH of 6.75 or 3.5. The tubes were sealed and stored in a 37 °C water bath for 28 days. After 28 days, the specimens were ligated to brackets embedded in an acrylic block and subjected to mechanical stress using an electronic toothbrush for 210 s. The specimens were photographed, and images were measured for coating loss using AutoCAD® software. Surface morphology was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Results: Significant coating loss (p
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 live Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats' mandibular first molar tooth was extracted, and an incision wound was made on the tongue. The extraction socket and incision wound were irrigated using normal saline and different concentrations of locally processed miswak plant extracts (0.05%, 10%, and 20%) for 7 days. The rats were sacrificed for gross examination of the tooth socket and tongue healing. Both soft tissue and alveolar bone were examined microscopically.
RESULTS: Complete closure of the incision wound was observed on all rats' tongues; miswak groups showed better wound healing than control and placebo groups in the oral mucosa overlying the alveolar bones. 0.05% and 20% miswak extracts showed prominent wound healing effects in the sagittal sections of the tongue, with moderate formation of connective tissue under the wound site and notable wound contraction. The 20% miswak extract group showed the highest percentage of healed oral mucosa on the alveolar bone and higher bone deposition at the alveolar base.
CONCLUSION: A concentration of 20% miswak extract enhances the initial phase of wound healing both in oral soft and hard tissues. Miswak extract at this concentration was not toxic to the tissues and had potential therapeutic effects in oral tissue healing.
METHODS: The electronic databases Cochrane Central Library, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched based on specific MeSH keywords. The Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and prospective clinical trials on BOPT printed in English up to July 2022 were selected. Screening, selection, and data extraction were done. The studies were assessed for risk of bias, and descriptive and meta-analyses were performed.
RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the systematic review and only three RCTs were involved in the meta-analysis. Two RCTs were assessed as low risk while one has some concerns. were grouped as good, fair, and poor based on NOS. Three of the prospective studies were considered to be of good quality and one study was fair. The meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the effect of BOPT and chamfer preparation on periodontal health status and success rate (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Considering the limitation of this review, the BOPT is comparable to chamfer preparation and it resulted in an acceptable effect to maintain periodontal health with a high success rate. However, more evidence is required to support these findings.
Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study. 800 CBCT scan obtained for the measurement of condyle in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral aspect using OnDemand 3D software. Participants were Saudi nationals of age above 18 years. 395 Males and 405 Females with the mean age of 38.2 ± 10.5 years. Right and left anterior-posterior width and medio-lateral width of the condyle were measured. Condyles were not isolated on the CBCT for volume measurement.
Results: Mean right and anterior-posterior condyle width was 9.02 mm and 8.74 mm in males whereas in females it was 9.01 mm 8.69 mm respectively. For males mean medio-lateral width of the condyle in right and left side was 17.40 mm and 16.95 mm. For females, mean medio-lateral width of the condyle in right and left side was 17.14 mm and 16.93 mm. The prediction rate of gender was 57.2% for males and 53.3% for females. Statistically significant differences (p
METHODS: Literature search on PubMed, Medline, and science direct databases was carried out for in vitro studies published in English from 1990 to 2016, and the reported outcomes of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), zone of inhibition (ZOI) and bacterial count method using colony forming unit (CFU) were used to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of zinc.
RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included in this review. Seven studies reported MIC and MBC. Four studies reported ZOI, and eight studies reported CFU. MIC values using zinc chloride and zinc oxide nanoparticles were ranged from 0.025 to 0.2 mM and 0.390 to 500 ± 306.18 µg/ml respectively. MBC values using zinc oxide nanoparticles have ranged from 3.125 to 500 µg/ml. ZOI ranged from no inhibition zone to 21 ± 1.4 mm using 23.1% zinc oxide. A considerable reduction in the bacterial count was reported after adding zinc. However, only two studies have reported no inhibitory effect of zinc.
CONCLUSION: This review indicated a significant growth inhibition effectiveness of zinc even at lower concentrations which indicate it's safely to be used in oral health products.
METHODS: Antibacterial susceptibility assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory activities of different zinc salts against the tested bacteria. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following exposure to zinc salts. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the inhibitory effect of the different zinc salts.
RESULTS: All zinc salts tested against S. mutans and S. sobrinus had a statistically and significantly smaller inhibition zone when compared to chlorhexidine, (P 0.05). Zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values against S. mutans compared to S. sobrinus. However, zinc citrate revealed the highest MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL and > 8 mg/mL for S. sobrinus and > 8 mg/mL for S. mutans, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Different zinc salts have displayed inhibitory growth effects against the common oral bacteria at very low concentrations except for zinc citrate which showed no inhibitory effect against these bacteria in vitro.
Methodology: A total of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Four groups (n = 18 each) were randomly created: Group 1 - neither subjected to experimental periodontitis nor to any treatment; Group 2 - subjected to experimental periodontitis but not treated; Group 3 - subjected to experimental periodontitis and then treated with the developed nanogels; Group 4 - subjected to experimental periodontitis and then placed on a mixture of pure TCS and FLB treatment. The experimental periodontitis was induced on the lower incisors by applying a ligature which was kept for 14 days. Treatment was done for 7 days, and sampling was done at 7, 14, and 28 day of the post-induction experimental period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to assess the clinical outcomes and healing effect.
Results: The morphometric findings showed that the group treated with the developed TCS and FLB-loaded nanogels recovered better and faster than a mixture of pure TCS and FLB. At 28 day of the experimental period, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the baseline control group and the nanogels treated group.
Conclusions: The developed TCS and FLB-loaded nanogels was found to be effective in the treatment of experimental periodontitis in rats. The used experimental periodontitis model was found to be simple and easily reproducible.
Methods: The PDL tissue was scraped from the roots of freshly extracted teeth to enzymatically digest using collagenase. The cells were sub-cultured. Flow-cytometric analysis for the MSC surface-markers CD105, CD73, CD166, CD90, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR was performed. To confirm the phenotype, total RNA was extracted to synthesize cDNA and which was then subjected to RT-PCR. The gene-expression for Oct4A, Sox2, NANOG and GAPDH was determined by gel-electrophoresis. To assess their multilineage potential, cells were cultured with osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic medium and then stained by Alizarin-red, Alcian-blue and Oil-Red-O respectively. MSCs from the bone-marrow were processed similarly to serve as controls.
Results: The cells isolated from extracted teeth expanded successfully. On flow-cytometric analysis, the cells were positive for CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166 and negative for CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. The PDLSCs expressed Oct4A, Sox2, and NANOG mRNA with GAPDH expression. Cells cultured in the osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic media stained positive for Alizarin-red, Alcian-blue and Oil- Red-O respectively. The surface marker expression and the trilineage differentiation characteristics were comparable to those of the BMMSCs.
Conclusions: The periodontal ligament tissue of extracted teeth is a potential source of therapeutically useful MSCs. Harvesting them is not invasive and are a promising source of MSC as the PDLSCs showed characteristics similar to those of the highly regarded MSC's derived from bone-marrow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One conventional composite (Filtek Z350 [FZ]), two bulk-fill composites (Filtek Bulk-fill [FB] and Tetric N Ceram [TN]) and a bulk-fill giomer (Beautifil-Bulk Restorative [BB]) were evaluated. Specimens (12 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated using customized stainless steel molds. Specimens were light-cured, removed from their molds, finished, measured and randomly divided into six groups. The groups (n = 10) were conditioned in the following mediums for 7 days at 37 °C: air (control), artificial saliva (SAGF), distilled water, 0.02 N citric acid, heptane, 50% ethanol-water solution. After conditioning, the specimens were rinsed, blotted dry, measured and subjected to flexural testing using a universal testing machine. Representative SEM images of the intact surfaces were obtained to appraise the degradation mechanism by dietary solvents. Data was subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA/Tukey's tests at significance level p
Methodology: "Dundee Polyprofessionalism Inventory I: Academic Integrity" was used to collect responses from first-year to fifth-year dental students of the College of Dentistry, King Saud University (Response rate = 78%). The participants' responses (for 34 professionalism lapses) were recorded by using the Dundee Polyprofessionalism Inventory. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and T-tests (P
SUMMARY: The radiographic changes included a slight root lengthening and thickening and apex closure. Histologic evaluation revealed a fibrous connective tissue with an inflammatory infiltrate in the canal space. In the apical region, cementum-like irregular mineralization developed toward the center, giving the appearance of a closed apex. Root thickening, increase in length, and radiographic closure of the apex occurred due to cemental hyperplasia.
CONCLUSION: After 4 years following REP in an immature mandibular premolar with apical periodontitis, granulation tissue had formed in the root canal, indicating repair and not regeneration.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: PDLSCs were treated with 0, 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL of Escherichia coli LPS. At 48 and 96 h, total cell numbers of control and LPS treated PDLSCs were counted by haemocytometer under a microscope. The VEGF concentration in the conditioned media of the PDLSCs was measured by ELISA.
RESULTS: Rate of cell proliferation of PDLSCs decreased significantly in all LPS treated groups at both 48 h and 96 h except for the group treated with 5 µg/mL of LPS at 48 h. At both 48 and 96 h, VEGF secretion from PDLSCs was reduced significantly at all three LPS concentrations. There was no statistically significant difference in cell proliferation and the amount of VEGF secretion of PDLSCs among the groups treated with different LPS concentrations. No statistically significant change was found in cell proliferation of LPS treated PDLSCs over time, whereas VEGF secretion of PDLSCs was found to have increased significantly with time despite the LPS treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: LPS reduced cell proliferation and VEGF secretion of PDLSCs, suggesting that periodontal pathogens might reduce the capability of PDLSCs in periodontal regeneration. Yet, LPS treated PDLSCs remained viable and VEGF secretion increased significantly over time. Further research is needed to study the potential use of PDLSCs in periodontal regeneration and the relationship of biofilm LPS accumulations.
METHODS: After a thorough search of the online journals, a total of 482 documents were found using keywords such as "Orthodontic Treatment", "Aligner Auxiliaries", "Elastic Ligatures" and "Tooth Movement." The database research, elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction and risk of bias were performed by the authors independently. This systematic review and network meta-analysis included prospective studies and clinical trials to evaluate research that had looked at the impact of various aligner auxiliaries on orthodontic activity in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
RESULTS: Eight investigations of varying designs were selected for this review. The majority of investigations revealed that aligner auxiliaries significantly improve anterior root torque, rotation, and mesio-distal (M-D) movement, as well as posterior anchoring. They also significantly improved anterior root rotation. However, few studies have presented inconsistent or non-statistically significant findings.
CONCLUSION: Auxiliaries for aligners also appear to improve extrusion and other orthodontic movements, but there is insufficient evidence to support these claims. No research has examined posterior bucco-lingual expansion or tilting. Clarification of the effect of attachments and their related variables requires additional clinical investigations.
Materials and methods: Sixty (60) extracted sound Maxilla (Mx) and Mandibular (Mn) premolars were randomly divided into 2 groups (test and control). Artificial WSLs were produced on buccal surface of teeth and were immersed in artificial saliva for 8 weeks. Colour components (L∗, a∗, b∗) and surface roughness (Sa∗) were assessed on 40 teeth using colour difference meter RD-100 and Alicona® Infinite Focus profilometer respectively. The measurements were done at baseline (T1), directly after artificial WSLs (T2), after 24 hours immersed in saliva and application of resin (T3) and immersion in artificial saliva for 1 (T4), 2 (T5), 4 (T6), 6 (T7) and 8 (T8) weeks. SEM images analysis were carried out on 20 teeth in four time points.
Results: The values of L∗ (lightness), b∗ (yellow/blue) and Sa∗ (surface roughness) are gradually reduced to the baseline value. Whereas, the value of a∗ gradually increased with distinct treatment time to achieve the baseline value. The higher value of L∗ and Sa∗, the whiter the lesion suggesting higher degree of enamel demineralization and surface roughness. Lower L∗ values suggest a masking colour effect.
Conclusion: The material produced favorable esthetics on colour and the surface roughness of teeth at distinct treatment times. It is recommended to be used to improve WSL post orthodontic treatment.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the online databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus using the combination of keywords: "Trichomonas tenax" AND "periodontal disease" OR "gum disease", OR "oral disease" OR "periodontitis". A total of 9 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in this study.
RESULTS: This review highlights the incidence of T. tenax with periodontal diseases, the risk factors that contribute to the infection of T. tenax and available detection methods for the identification of the protozoan.
CONCLUSION: The inhabitation of the oral cavity by T. tenax prospers with the severity of periodontal diseases. Extensive research should be conducted to fully understand the potential pathogenic role and damaging effect of T. tenax in the oral cavity.