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  1. Systolic hypertension and duration of diabetes mellitus are important determinants of retinopathy and microalbuminuria in young diabetics
    Wan Nazaimoon WM, Letchuman R, Noraini N, Ropilah AR, Zainal M, Ismail IS, et al.
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1999 Dec;46(3):213-21.
    PMID: 10624787 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00095-9
    This cross-sectional study looked at the prevalence of microalbuminuria and retinopathy in a cohort of 926 young, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, and determined the factors which were associated with these microvascular complications. The prevalence of microalbuminuria, defined as the albumin:creatinine ratio > or = 2.5 (for males) or > or = 3.5 mg/mmol (for females), was 13.4% in Type 1 DM, 69.5% in insulin-requiring Type 2 DM and 16% in Type 2 DM treated only with oral hypoglycemic agents. Compared to those with normal renal functions, these patients were older (P < or = 0.01), had significantly elevated blood pressures (P < 0.01 or P = 0.0001), and in the case of Type 1 DM, with a higher body mass index (P = 0.0001) and waist-hip ratio (P < 0.01). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Type 1 DM was found to increase with the duration of diabetes, from 1.4% in the newly-onset (< 5 years), to 9.9% in those with 5-10 years disease, to 35% among patients with more than 10 years of diabetes (P < 0.0001). In this study, it was also observed that 10% of the Type 2 DM patients already had retinopathy within 5 years of diagnosis, and the prevalence increased significantly to 42.9% (P < 0.0001) among patients who had been diabetics for more than 10 years. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that besides the disease duration, systolic blood pressure was the most common and significant determinant for both microalbuminuria and retinopathy in both types of DM, thus implying that in order to reduce the risk of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus, systolic and not just the diastolic blood pressure, should be effectively controlled.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/urine
  2. Fulltext Urinary metabolomics study on the protective role of Orthosiphon stamineus in Streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats via (1)H NMR spectroscopy
    Azam AA, Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Ismail A, Khatib A, Abas F, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017 May 25;17(1):278.
    PMID: 28545435 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1777-1
    BACKGROUND: Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a herb known in ethnomedicine for treating diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, a (1)H NMR based urine metabolomics tool has been used for the first time to identify the metabolic protective mechanism of OS in DM using Streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental model in rats.

    METHODS: Four different solvent extracts of OS, namely aqueous, ethanolic, 50% aqueous ethanolic and methanolic, at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) were orally administered for 14 days to diabetic rats induced via intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg bw STZ. NMR metabolomics approach using pattern recognition combined with multivariate statistical analysis was applied in the rat urine to study the resulted metabolic perturbations.

    RESULTS: OS aqueous extract (OSAE) caused a reversal of DM comparable to that of 10 mg/kg bw glibenclamide. A total of 15 urinary metabolites, which levels changed significantly upon treatment were identified as the biomarkers of OSAE in diabetes. A systematic metabolic pathways analysis identified that OSAE contributed to the antidiabetic activity mainly through regulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, lipid and amino acid metabolism.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study validated the ethnopharmacological use of OS in diabetes and unveiled the biochemical and metabolic mechanisms involved.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/urine
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