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  1. Surgically important variations of the jugular veins
    Nayak BS
    Clin Anat, 2006 Sep;19(6):544-6.
    PMID: 16372344
    Knowledge of variations of veins of head and neck in relation to external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and facial veins is important to surgeons doing head and neck surgery as well as to radiologists doing catheterization and to clinicians in general. In the current case, multiple variations in the veins of the left side of neck are reported. The anterior division of retromandibular vein was absent. The facial vein continued as anterior jugular vein. The internal jugular vein was duplicated above the level of hyoid bone. There was a large communicating vein between the anterior jugular vein and anterior division of internal jugular vein. Lingual vein drained into the communicating vein. Jugular venous arch was abnormally large, doubled, and highly placed. The veins of the right side were normal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Jugular Veins/anatomy & histology*
  2. Fulltext Ultrasound Probe Positions for Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation: A Prospective Study of Different Techniques
    Kurien M, Teo R, Zainuddin K, Azidin AM, Izaham A, Budiman M, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2021 Jul 05;172(4):278-283.
    PMID: 34247211 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2021.2332
    Objective: We compared sonoanatomy of the internal jugular vein (IJV) the high (HA), conventional (CA) and the medial oblique approach (MA) to identify the best approach and head position for IJV cannulation.

    Materials & Methods: Total of 45 volunteers aged 18-65 years were included in this study. The degree of overlap in percentage, depth of IJV from skin, antero-posterior (AP) and transverse diameters (TD) of IJV were measured in real time with ultrasound (US). Measurements were taken in the HA, CA and MA in neutral and 30° head rotation on both the right and left side of the neck.

    Results: The HA had lower percentage of overlap when compared to CA and MA in neutral and 30° head rotation (p= 0.002 to ≤0.001). The IJV was more shallow in the CA and MA. The AP and TD of the IJV were larger in the MA when compared to HA (p=<0.001) and CA (p =0.026 to < 0.001) and the right IJV has a larger AP and TD in all approaches.

    Discussion: The HA had the least percentage of overlap compared to CA and MA, therefore the risk of accidental ICA puncture can be reduced. The apparent overlap seen in MA may not reflect the actual scenario because of the way the US beam cuts the vessel. The AP and TD of IJV were significantly increased in the MA, which would ease CVC.

    Conclusion: We conclude and recommend the medial oblique probe position with 30° head rotation provides optimal real time sonographic parameters for US guided IJV cannulation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Jugular Veins/anatomy & histology*
  3. Fulltext Surgical and embryological perspective of a big loop of internal carotid artery extending laterally beyond internal jugular vein
    Nayak SB, Shetty SD
    Surg Radiol Anat, 2021 Mar;43(3):413-416.
    PMID: 33231750 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02619-z
    Knowledge of variations of the internal carotid artery is significant to surgeons and radiologists. The internal carotid artery normally runs a straight course in the neck. Its anomalies can lead to its iatrogenic injuries. We report a case of a large loop of the internal carotid artery in a male cadaver aged about 75 years. The common carotid artery terminated by dividing it into the external carotid artery and internal carotid arteries at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. From the level of origin, the internal carotid artery coursed upwards, backwards and laterally, and formed a large loop behind the internal jugular vein. The variation was found on the left side of the neck and was unilateral. The uncommon looping of the internal carotid artery might result in altered blood flow to the brain and may lead to misperceptions in surgical, imaging, and invasive procedures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Jugular Veins/anatomy & histology
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