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Ancestral state reconstruction infers phytopathogenic origins of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi on apple

Ismail SI, Batzer JC, Harrington TC, Crous PW, Lavrov DV, Li H, et al.

Mycologia, 2016 Mar-Apr;108(2):292-302.
PMID: 26740537 DOI: 10.3852/15-036

Members of the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) complex are epiphytic fungi in the Ascomycota that cause economically damaging blemishes of apples worldwide. SBFS fungi are polyphyletic, but approx. 96% of SBFS species are in the Capnodiales. Evolutionary origins of SBFS fungi remain unclear, so we attempted to infer their origins by means of ancestral state reconstruction on a phylogenetic tree built utilizing genes for the nuc 28S rDNA (approx. 830 bp from near the 59 end) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The analyzed taxa included the well-known genera of SBFS as well as non-SBFS fungi from seven families within the Capnodiales. The non-SBFS taxa were selected based on their distinct ecological niches, including plant-parasitic and saprophytic species. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that most SBFS species in the Capnodiales are closely related to plant-parasitic fungi. Ancestral state reconstruction provided strong evidence that plant-parasitic fungi were the ancestors of the major SBFS lineages. Knowledge gained from this study may help to better understand the ecology and evolution of epiphytic fungi.

Matched MeSH terms: Malus/microbiology*
Proteomic insights into fruit-pathogen interactions: managing biotic stress in fruit

Putra AI, Khan MN, Kamaruddin N, Khairuddin RFR, Al-Obaidi JR, Flores BJ, et al.

Plant Cell Rep, 2025 Feb 13;44(3):54.
PMID: 39945834 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-025-03443-8

Proteomics has revealed complex immune responses in fruits, leading to the identification of potential disease biomarkers and resistance mechanisms. Fruit diseases caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens present critical challenges to global food security by reducing fruit shelf life and quality. This review explores the molecular dynamics of fruit-pathogen interactions using advanced proteomic techniques. These approaches include mass spectrometry-based identification, gel-based, and gel-free strategies, tailored to the unique compositions of fruit tissues for accurate protein extraction and identification. Proteomic studies reveal pathogen-induced changes in fruit proteomes, including the upregulation of defence-related proteins and suppression of metabolic pathways crucial for pathogen survival. Case studies on tomatoes, apples, and bananas highlight specific pathogen-responsive proteins, such as PR proteins and enzymes involved in ROS scavenging, which play roles in disease resistance mechanisms. The review further demonstrates the utility of proteomic data in identifying early disease biomarkers, guiding genetic improvements for disease resistance, and optimizing pathogen control measures. Integrating proteomic insights with transcriptomics and metabolomics provides a multidimensional understanding of fruit-pathogen interactions, paving the way for innovative solutions in agriculture. Future research should prioritize multi-omics approaches and field-level validations to translate laboratory findings into practical applications. The advancements discussed underscore the transformative role of proteomics in improving food security and sustainability amid challenges posed by climate change and increasing global food demand.

Matched MeSH terms: Malus/microbiology
Antifungal Mechanism of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureobasidium sp. nov. Isolated from Cerbera manghas L. against the Growth of Destructive Molds in Post Harvested Apples

Sukmawati D, Shabrina A, Indrayanti R, Kurniati TH, Nurjayadi M, Hidayat I, et al.

Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 2020;11(3):219-228.
PMID: 32324527 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200423101159

BACKGROUND: Apples often experience postharvest damage due to being attacked by mold organisms. Several groups of molds such as Aspergillus sp., Penicilium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Venturia sp. can cause a serious postharvest disease exhibited as watery regions where areas of blue-green tufts of spores develop. Current methods using fungicides to control pathogenic fungi can cause resistance if applied in the long term. An alternative procedure using yeast as a biological agent has been found.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to screen potential yeast, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus brasielensis (isolate A1) and Aspergillus flavus section flavi (isolate A17) isolated from apple fruits.
METHODS: Antagonism test using YMA dual culture medium using in vitro assays and ITS rDNA identification were performed.
RESULTS: The result showed that 3 out of 19 yeast isolated from Cerbera manghas L, T1, T3 and T4, demonstrated the potential ability as a biocontrol agent. ITS rDNA identification demonstrated that T1 has a similarity to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa while T3 and T4 were identified as Aureobasidium sp. nov. The 3 isolates exhibited the ability to reduce the growth of A. brasiliensis sensu lato better than dithane 0.3% with a Disease Incidence (DI) of 100% and a Disease Severity (DS) value of 45%. Only isolate T1 and T3 were able to reduce decay symptoms in apples inoculated with A. flavus sensu lato (with DO and DS were 100% and 25%, respectively) compared to dithane pesticides 0.3%.
CONCLUSION: This study indicated that competition between nutrients occurs between pathogenic molds and under-yeast in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, further studies in the future might be able to elucidate the 'killer' activity and interaction with the pathogen cells and the bio-product production using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureoubasidium namibiae strains to control postharvest diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Malus/microbiology*

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