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Two new records of flies causing myiasis from Saudi Arabia with a survey of flies parasitizing goats and sheep in Jazan Region

Alahmed AM, Nasser MG, Sallam MF, Dawah H, Kheir S, AlAshaal SA

Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):499-512.
PMID: 33612819

Despite the medical, veterinary and forensic relevance of myiasis-causing flies, knowledge of their diversity in Saudi Arabia is limited especially in the southern region. Therefore, a survey of myiasis-causing flies in the Jazan region was carried out using Red Top Fly Catcher traps baited with either decomposing beef liver or a lure composed primarily from fishmeal during the period April 2013-March 2014. Twelve known species were identified and recorded in this study, seven species of them belonging to Calliphoridae (Chrysomya, Lucilia, and Hemipyrella) and five species belonging to Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga). Two of these species were recorded for the first time for Saudi Arabia, namely Hemipyrella pulchra (Wiedemann, 1830) and Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) exuberans Pandellé, 1896. Images of the species recorded are also provided for the first time. The results expand the knowledge of geographical distribution, fauna, and habitat of the myiasis-causing flies in Saudi Arabia. Biological information and world-wide geographical distribution of these species are included together with some taxonomic remarks.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/parasitology*
Fulltext Daily feeding of fresh Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) for worm control in sheep

Chandrawathani P, Chang KW, Nurulaini R, Waller PJ, Adnan M, Zaini CM, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2006 Jun;23(1):23-30.
PMID: 17041548 MyJurnal

This study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) on nematode parasites of sheep. Twelve Santa Ines cross bred sheep from a government farm were randomly selected and equally divided into control (n = 6) and treated groups (n =6). Faecal egg counts (FEC) using the modified McMaster technique and the FAMACHA score for assessing clinical anaemia were carried out daily and recorded for 6 weeks. At the end of the study all the animals were slaughtered and the total worm count (TWC) was done. The results of FEC showed that there was no significant difference between the control and treated group (p = 0.081). However, worm burden estimations showed that the number of parasites was significantly higher in the control group compared to the treated group (p < 0.05). This result indicated that feeding Neem had an effect on worm numbers in sheep, but was not reflected in their faecal egg counts. Further work is needed to reconfirm the effect of Neem on helminth infections of sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/parasitology*
The establishment and development of Haemonchus contortus in goats

Rahman WA, Collins GH

Vet Parasitol, 1990 Mar;35(3):189-93.
PMID: 2343536

Twelve goats were inoculated with 40,000 third-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae and two were killed on each of Days 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 after inoculation (DAI). The number of worms that established, and the site of development were recorded. More worms established in the fundic, than in the middle or pyloric thirds of the abomasum. Early development occurred within the mucosa; emergence into the lumen started between 7 and 11 days after infection. By 4 DAI, all worms had completed the third moult to the L4 stage. At 11 DAI the majority of the worms were adults. A mean of 13.2% of the female worms had eggs in their uteri at 18 DAI; by 21 DAI more than half of the female worms had eggs in their uteri. The development of H. contortus was essentially similar to that described in sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/parasitology
The establishment and development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats

Rahman WA, Collins GH

Vet Parasitol, 1990 Mar;35(3):195-200.
PMID: 2343537

Twelve goats were inoculated with 20,000 infective larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and two were killed on each of Days 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 after inoculation (DAI). The number of worms that established, and the site of development were recorded. Most of the worms established within the first 3 m of the small intestine. There was little relocation or loss of nematodes after establishment. The worms started to migrate from the mucosa to the lumen 11 days after infection. At 4 DAI, 63% of the worms were still at the late L3 stage; the remainder of the worm population had completed the third moult to the L4 stage. The population at 11 DAI comprised largely young adults. When 21 DAI was reached, about 57% of the female worms had eggs in their uteri.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/parasitology
Fulltext Genetic diversity of Haemonchus contortus isolated from sympatric wild blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and sheep in Helan Mountains, China

Shen DD, Wang JF, Zhang DY, Peng ZW, Yang TY, Wang ZD, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2017 Sep 19;10(1):437.
PMID: 28927469 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2377-0

BACKGROUND: Haemonchus contortus is known among parasitic nematodes as one of the major veterinary pathogens of small ruminants and results in great economic losses worldwide. Human activities, such as the sympatric grazing of wild with domestic animals, may place susceptible wildlife hosts at risk of increased prevalence and infection intensity with this common small ruminant parasite. Studies on phylogenetic factors of H. contortus should assist in defining the amount of the impact of anthropogenic factors on the extent of sharing of agents such as this nematode between domestic animals and wildlife.
METHODS: H. contortus specimens (n = 57) were isolated from wild blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) inhabiting Helan Mountains (HM), China and additional H. contortus specimens (n = 20) were isolated from domestic sheep that were grazed near the natural habitat of the blue sheep. Complete ITS2 (second internal transcribed spacer) sequences and partial sequences of the nad4 (nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene) gene were amplified to determine the sequence variations and population genetic diversities between these two populations. Also, 142 nad4 haplotype sequences of H. contortus from seven other geographical regions of China were retrieved from database to further examine the H. contortus population structure.
RESULTS: Sequence analysis revealed 10 genotypes (ITS2) and 73 haplotypes (nad4) among the 77 specimens, with nucleotide diversities of 0.007 and 0.021, respectively, similar to previous studies in other countries, such as Pakistan, Malaysia and Yemen. Phylogenetic analyses (BI, MP, NJ) of nad4 sequences showed that there were no noticeable boundaries among H. contortus populations from different geographical origin and population genetic analyses revealed that most of the variation (94.21%) occurred within H. contortus populations. All phylogenetic analyses indicated that there was little genetic differentiation but a high degree of gene flow among the H. contortus populations among wild blue sheep and domestic ruminants in China.
CONCLUSIONS: The current work is the first genetic characterization of H. contortus isolated from wild blue sheep in the Helan Mountains region. The results revealed a low genetic differentiation and high degree of gene flow between the H. contortus populations from sympatric wild blue sheep and domestic sheep, indicating regular cross-infection between the sympatrically reared ruminants.

Matched MeSH terms: Sheep/parasitology