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Fulltext Lignosus rhinocerotis Cooke Ryvarden ameliorates airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma

Johnathan M, Muhamad SA, Gan SH, Stanslas J, Mohd Fuad WE, Hussain FA, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(3):e0249091.
PMID: 33784348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249091

Lignosus rhinocerotis Cooke. (L. rhinocerotis) is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in the treatment of asthma and several other diseases by the indigenous communities in Malaysia. In this study, the effects of L. rhinocerotis on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness were investigated. L. rhinocerotis extract (LRE) was prepared by hot water extraction using soxhlet. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) study was performed in house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma in Balb/c mice while airway inflammation study was performed in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with different doses of LRE (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited AHR in HDM-induced mice. Treatment with LRE also significantly decreased the elevated IgE in serum, Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and ameliorated OVA-induced histological changes in rats by attenuating leukocyte infiltration, mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lungs. LRE also significantly reduced the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in BALF. Interestingly, a significant reduction of the FOXP3+ regulatory T lymphocytes was observed following OVA induction, but the cells were significantly elevated with LRE treatment. Subsequent analyses on gene expression revealed regulation of several important genes i.e. IL17A, ADAM33, CCL5, IL4, CCR3, CCR8, PMCH, CCL22, IFNG, CCL17, CCR4, PRG2, FCER1A, CLCA1, CHIA and Cma1 which were up-regulated following OVA induction but down-regulated following treatment with LRE. In conclusion, LRE alleviates allergy airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, thus suggesting its therapeutic potential as a new armamentarium against allergic asthma.
Synovial Fluid-Derived Exosomes from Osteoarthritis Patients Modulate Cell Surface Phenotypes of Monocytes and Cytokine Secretions

Mohd Noor NA, Jun Quan N, Mazlan NAAA, Nurul AA, Ahmad Mohd Zain MR, Azlan M

Immunol Invest, 2025 Apr;54(3):352-367.
PMID: 39702926 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2443244

BACKGROUND: Exosomes can be found in the synovial fluid of inflamed knee joints, which play a significant role in osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, their role - in modulating the cellular environment within the body, particularly monocytes remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of exosomes on monocytes.
METHODS: Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Western blot. The effect of exosomes in modulating monocyte phenotypes as well as cytokine secretion were further assessed in a co-culture condition using flow cytometry and ELISA accordingly.
RESULTS: Exosomes were identified as spherical particles with a size distribution ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm. These nanoparticles intensely expressed exosome protein markers including CD9, CD63, CD81, and HSP70. The expression of HLA-DR, CD14, and CD11b on monocytes decreased in the presence of exosomes after 24 h of incubation, regardless of the dose. Exosomes significantly induced the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1Ra in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while TNF-α secretion remains unchanged regardless of the presence or absence of exosomes.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the immunoregulatory role of exosomes on monocytes, emphasizing the need for further studies into the underlying mechanism.

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