Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disorder. Prior knowledge of flu among general community is of paramount importance in order to mitigate its growing burden. In a pandemic, young adults are more likely to be infected increasing the potential for universities to be explosive disease outbreak centers. In this context, current study aims to assess the knowledge and perception of flu among university students from health sciences (HS) and non-HS background. Questionnaire-based cross sectional (August-December 2015) study was conducted among students of 65 universities across Pakistan. The students willing to participate were requested to fill out the self-administered questionnaire and responses were recorded and descriptively analyzed by SPSS. A total of 1694 students (age: 21.12 ± 2.13 years), 95% which belonged to age group 18-25 years, participated in the current study. Most of the participants (91.7%) had suffered from influenza during their life but only 55.7% correctly answered virus as causative agent of flu, while majority of participants, primarily from non-HS disciplines were not aware of flu cause. Very few participants (8.1%) believed that flu can cause death. About 20% students, mainly from non-HS disciplines reported that antibiotic can kill viruses. Similarly, 47.1% respondents agreed on the effectiveness of antibiotic in flu. A large proportion of study population preferred self-medication for influenza. Only 20.1% students were aware of influenza vaccine while majority of students (79.9%) from both disciplines reported that there is no such vaccine. Awareness and health literacy regarding seasonal influenza is poor among university students, especially from non-HS disciplines. These findings necessitate dire need to appropriately structured awareness programs in educational institutes to curb the growing burden of influenza.
Falls are a major problem among the elderly and can lead to serious injury. Adults older than 65 years suffer the greatest number of severe falls. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and perception of medication related falls as well as preferred medication related fall prevention programs in the local population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the elderly patients in a tertiary hospital. A total of 86 patients (n=86) were interviewed. Approximately 23.3% (20 patients) of the elderly had a history of falls over the past 6 months. Majority of the elderly considered falls as a major concern (80 patients, 93%) and is preventable (55 patients, 64%). Patients with a medical condition reported a significantly greater number of falls within the past 6 months (p<0.001). Approximately 69% (59 patients) of the elderly were aware of their medication and associated risk of falls. In patients that were unaware of medication associated risk of falls, 81.5% (22 patients) had a potentially inappropriate medication preferred preventive interventions for medication related falls were related to strength and training programs (37 patients, 43%). The knowledge of falls, medication related falls and intervention strategies in the elderly were minimal.
A series of new compounds (5a-q), derived from 5-(1-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3) were proficiently synthesized to evaluate their biological activities. 1-(4-Nitrophenylsulfonyl) piperidine-4-carbohydrazide (2) was refluxed with phenylisothiocyanate to yield an adduct which was cyclized to compound 3 by reflux reaction with 10 % potassium hydroxide. The targeted compounds 5a-q, were synthesized by stirring alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-q) and compound 3 in a polar aprotic solvent. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and IR spectral techniques were employed to confirm the structures of all the synthesized compounds. The compounds were biologically evaluated for BSA binding studies followed by anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. The active sites responsible for the best AChE inhibition were identified through molecular docking studies. Compound 5e bearing 4-chlorobenzyl moiety found most active antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent among the synthesized compounds. The whole library of synthesized compounds except compounds 5d and 5f was found highly active for AChE inhibition and recommended for in vivo studies so that their therapeutic applications may come in utilization.
Salacia chinensis L. is a traditional Southeast Asian herbal medicine and used in the treatment of diabetes. To investigate the antidiabetic properties of mangiferin from Salacia chinensis and its beneficial effect on toxicological and hematological parameters in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mangiferin was orally treated with the dose of 40 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days to diabetic rats. Biochemical (blood glucose, uric acid, urea and creatinine), toxicological (AST, ALT and ALP) and hematological parameters (red and white blood cells) and their functional indices were evaluated in diabetic treated groups with mangiferin and glibenclamide. Mangiferin treated diabetic rats significantly (p<0.05) lowered the level of blood glucose, in addition, altered the levels of biochemical parameters including urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Toxicological parameters including AST, ALT and ALP were also significantly reduced after treatment with mangiferin in diabetic rats. Similarly, the levels of red blood, white blood cells and their functional indices were significantly improved through the administration of mangiferin. Thus, our results indicate that mangiferin present in S. chinensis possesses antidiabetic properties and nontoxic nature against chemically induced diabetic rats. Further experimental investigations are warrant to make use of its relevant therapeutic effect to substantiate its ethno-medicinal usage.
Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, bacteriophage therapy appears to be an ideal weapon to utilize against pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the lytic bacteriophage effective against the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. The isolated bacteriophage caused lysis by applying the double-layer agar technique on A. baumannii up to 99% in 18 hours of incubation at 37ºC. The bacterial growth reduction assay exhibited that JHA phage had high adsorption rates and could rapidly inhibit bacterial growth. The pH and thermal stability testing showed that JHA phage was stable in vast ranges of pH from 5 to 9 but its activity was highest at pH7 (1860000±1000 pfu/mL). It was stable in broad ranges of temperatures from 25ºC to 60ºC but the highest activity was found at 37ºC (1300000±30000 pfu/mL). One-step growth test results showed that it has a short latent period, strong lytic ability, high burst size and adsorption rates and was host specific. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of JHA phage demonstrated icosahedral heads and tailless particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed JHA phage belongs to Tectiviridae family. All the characteristics of JHA phage possess lytic activity against A. baumannii strains and exhibit novel candidates to use as an alternative competitor to antibiotics in controlling such infections.
Brewers' rice is one of abundant agricultural waste products in the rice industry. The present study is designed to investigate the potential of brewers' rice to inhibit the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colon of azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats. The effects on the attenuation of hepatic toxicity and kidney function enzymes were also evaluated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (G1) normal; (G2) AOM alone; and (G3), (G4), and (G5), which were AOM fed with 10%, 20%, and 40% (w/w) of brewers' rice, respectively. The rats in group 2-5 were injected intraperitoneally with AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) once weekly for two weeks. After 8 weeks of treatment,the total number of ACF/colon and the number of ACF in the distal and middle colon were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to G2 (p<0.05). Brewers' rice decreased the number of ACF with dysplastic morphology in a dose-dependent manner. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level in G5 was significantly lower compared to the G2 (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study found the potential value of brewers' rice in reducing the risk of cancer susceptibility in colon.
Micro-emulsions and sometimes nano-emulsions are well known candidates to deliver drugs locally. However, the poor rheological properties are marginally affecting their acceptance pharmaceutically. This work aimed to modify the poor flow properties of a nano-scaled emulsion comprising palm olein esters as the oil phase and ibuprofen as the active ingredient for topical delivery. Three Carbopol ® resins: 934, 940 and Ultrez 10, were utilized in various concentrations to achieve these goals. Moreover, phosphate buffer and triethanolamine solutions pH 7.4 were used as neutralizing agents to assess their effects on the gel-forming and swelling properties of Carbopol ® 940. The addition of these polymers caused the produced nano-scaled emulsion to show a dramatic droplets enlargement of the dispersed globules, increased intrinsic viscosity, consistent zeta potential and transparent-to-opaque change in appearance. These changes were relatively influenced by the type and the concentration of the resin used. Carbopol ® 940 and triethanolamine appeared to be superior in achieving the proposed tasks compared to other materials. The higher the pH of triethanolamine solution, the stronger the flow-modifying properties of Carbopol ® 940. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a well-arranged gel network of Carbopol ® 940, which was the major cause for all realized changes. Later in vitro permeation studies showed a significant decrease in the drug penetration, thus further modification using 10% w/w menthol or limonene as permeation promoters was performed. This resulted in in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics properties that are comparably higher than the reference chosen for this study.
Consumption of corn oil for cooking purpose is gaining popularity. The present study examined the effect of heated corn oil on blood pressure and its possible mechanism in experimental rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and were fed with the following diets, Group I was fed with basal diet only; whereas group II,III,IV and V were fed with basal diet fortified with 15% (w/w) either fresh, once-heated, five-times-heated or ten-times-heated corn oil, respectively for 16 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure were measured at baseline and weekly interval for 16 weeks. Inflammatory biomarkers which included soluble intracellular adhesion molecules (sICAM), soluble vascular adhesion molecules (sVCAM) and C reactive protein (CRP), were measured at baseline and the end of 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed and thoracic aorta was taken for measurement of vascular reactivity. There was significant increase in the blood pressure in the groups fed with heated once, five-times (5HCO) and ten-times-heated corn oil (10-HCO) compared to the control. The increase in the blood pressure was associated with an increase in CRP, sICAM and sVCAM, reduction in vasodilatation response to acetylcholine and greater vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine. The results suggest that repeatedly heated corn oil causes elevation in blood pressure, vascular inflammation which impairs vascular reactivity thereby predisposing to hypertension. There is a need to educate people not to consume corn oil in a heated state.
The medicinal Malaysian leeches have been used in traditional medicine to treat many different ailments. In this study, leech saliva extract (LSE) was collected from the medicinal Malaysian leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Gel electrophoresis of LSE was carried out to estimate the peptide and protein molecular weights of its content. Results showed that LSE contains more than 60 peptides and proteins with molecular masses ranging from 1.9-250kDa. Thrombin time assay in vitro was employed to assess the collected LSE antithrombin activity. First, to study its stability, LSE was lyophilized under the following different conditions: pre-freezing temperature, type of container and lyophilization cycle. Pre-freezed LSE sample at -20°C and lyophilized for 24 hours retained about 100-95% of its original biological activities. Second, the LSE antithrombin activity was monitored for a period of six months. Storage temperature, type of the container and photosensitivity effects on antithrombin activity of the lyophilized (solid state) and non-lyophilized (liquid state) were investigated. Results showed that storage temperature drastically affected the biological activity of LSE with -20 °C as the optimum temperature. Samples stored at ambient temperature and +4 °C were light photosensitive and adversely affected when stored in polypropylene tubes. Lyophilized samples were more stable than non-lyophilized ones over the period of study. To sum up, in order to have a biologically active stock of LSE, it has to be lyophilized for no more than 24 hours following freezing at -20°C and has to be stored at -20°C in glass tubes protected from light.
The study was aimed to perform aqueous extraction of two plants using different extraction methods, and evaluate their antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Plant materials were extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and fresh juice methods to produce aqueous extracts. In vitro antioxidant DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), antidiabetic α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assays were carried out on the extracts. Extracts of Syzygium polyanthum demonstrated better free radical scavenging and antidiabetic activity than Momordica charantia. It was observed that the % inhibition of DPPH by fresh juice of S. polyanthum was 64.93 similar to quercetin 69.21 (p>0.05). Its FRAP value (69.05) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Quercetin (63.27). Its fresh juice alsodemonstrated significant inhibitory actions (p<0.05) against α-amylase (92.21%) and α-glucosidase (96.06%) than acarbose. It is concluded that extracts had varied results due to differences in their chemical composition as noticed in LC-MS. The fresh juice of S. polyanthum has superior in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Therefore, intake of exogenous antioxidants in the form of fresh juices of someherbs can help the body toscavenge free radicals and exert hyperglycaemic control in post prandial hyperglycaemia.
N-(Substituted)-5-(1-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetamide were synthesized by following conventional as well as microwave assisted protocol through five consecutive steps under the impact of various reaction conditions to control the reaction time and the yield of product. Starting from 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride and ethyl isonipecotate, product 3 was obtained which was converted into product 4 by treating with hydrazine hydrate. In step 3, the product 4 was refluxed with methyl isothiocyanate and KOH to yield compound 5 which was finally treated with variety of N-substituted acetamides to yield an array of different new compounds (8a-k). These synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibition potential against bovine carbonic anhydrase (bCA-II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Compound 8g demonstrated good activity against bCA-II, AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 8.69 ± 0.38 μM, 11.87±0.19 μM and 26.01±0.55 μM respectively. SAR studies assisted with molecular docking were carried out to explore the mode of binding of the compounds against the studied enzymes.
Cytotoxicity, the possible selective activity upon HL60 as well as the anti-proliferation effect of local health supplement wheatgrass and mixture of fibers were investigated in vitro using various cancerous cell line and normal blood cell culture. The IC(50) of wheatgrass-treated HL60 (17.5 ± 1.1, 12.5 ± 0.3, and 16 ± 0.5 microgram/ml for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively) and fibers-treated HL60 (86.0 ± 5.5, 35.0 ± 2.5, and 52.5 ± 4.5 microgram/ml for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively) showed that both extracts possessed optimum effect after 48 hours of treatment. No significant cytotoxic effect was observed on other type of cells. For trypan blue dye exclusion method, wheatgrass reduced the number of viable cells by 13.5% (±1.5), 47.1% (±3.6), and 64.9% (±2.7) after 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively. Mixture of fibers reduced the number of viable cells by 36.4% (±2.3), 57.1% (±3.1), and 89.0% (±3.4) after 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively, indicated that necrosis is also an alternative to the apoptotic mechanism of cell death. Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining revealed that both extracts induced apoptosis where early apoptosis had been detected concurrently with the reduction of percentage of cell viability. Cell cycle analysis revealed that in HL60, the percentage of apoptosis increased with time (wheatgrass: 16.0% ± 2.4, 45.3% ± 3.4 and 39.6% ± 4.1; mixture of fibers: 14.6% ± 1.8, 45.4% ± 2.3 and 45.9% ± 1.2) after exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively at the concentration of 100 microgram/ml and showed optimum effect at 48 hours. Thus, these health products can be a potential alternative supplement for leukaemia patients.
The possible cytotoxic effects of vancomycin and its complex with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on human glial cell line (CRL 8621) were studied accordingly by means of MTS assay. The cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of vancomycin, β-CD as well as β-CD/vancomycin complex ranging from 4.69 to 300 ug/ml. A linear dose-dependency cytotoxicity followed by hermetic-like biphasic dose-dependence was observed after incubation period of 72 hours. In general, significant increase (p<0.001) of cell proliferation was observed at lower concentrations: <18.75 μg/ml for cells treated with β-CD and their complex while < 9.38 μg/ml for cells treated with vancomycin. In contrary, regardless of the treatments given, significant (p<0.001) reduce in cell survival was found at higher concentrations >150 μg/ml. In particular, 50 % inhibitory in vitro was achieved at the concentrations of 115.95 μg/ml (for β-CD), 116.48 μg/ml (for vancomycin) and 115.44 μg/ml (for β-CD/vancomycin complex).
The cytotoxicity of cell-free culture filtrates of 31 isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, 5 reference strains and 26 clinical isolates, was tested on Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells and Vero cells. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to detect the effect of the filtrates on the proliferation and viability of cultured cell populations. The filtrates were prepared from serial ten-fold dilutions of inoculated AKI and APW broth media with and without the addition of polymyxin B. The APW culture filtrates of both V. cholerae O1 and O139 with and without added polymyxin B showed greater toxicity to MDBK cells as compared to AKI filtrates. The cytotoxicity of AKI-grown V. cholerae O139 to MDBK cells was greater than that of V. cholerae O1 grown in the same medium. The cytotoxicity of APW filtrates on Vero cells was low and only noted when polymyxin was added to the medium.
This study depicts a profile of existence of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mn, Fe, Na, Ca, and Mg) in some important herbal plants like (H. Integrifolia, D. regia, R. communis, C. equisetifolia, N. oleander, T. populnea, M. elengi, H. schizopetalus, P. pterocarpum) from Pakistan and an antidiabetic Malaysian herbal drug product containing (Punica granatum L. (Mast) Hook, Momordica charantia L., Tamarindus indica L., Lawsonia inermis L.) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metals in these herbal plants and Malaysian product were in the range of 0.02-0.10 ppm of Cu, 0.00-0.02 ppm of Ni, 0.02-0.29 ppm of Zn, 0.00-0.04 ppm of Cd, 0.00-1.33 ppm of Hg, 0.00-0.54 ppm of Mn, 0.22-3.16 ppm of Fe, 0.00-9.17 ppm of Na, 3.27-15.63 ppm of Ca and 1.85-2.03 ppm of Mg. All the metals under study were within the prescribed limits except mercury. Out of 10 medicinal plants/product under study 07 were beyond the limit of mercury permissible limits. Purpose of this study is to determine heavy metals contents in selected herbal plants and Malaysian product, also to highlight the health concerns related to the presence of toxic levels of heavy metals.
Pelletized dosage forms can be prepared by different methods which, in general, are time consuming and labor intensive. The current study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of preparing the spherical pellets of omeprazole by sieving-spheronization. An optimized formulation was also prepared by extrusion-spheronization process to compare the physical parameters between these two methods. The omeprazole pellets were consisted of microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30, sodium lauryl sulphate and polyethylene glycol 6000. The omeprazole delay release system was developed by coating the prepared pellets with aqueous dispersion of Kollicoat 30 DP. The moisture content, spheronization speed and residence time found to influence the final properties of omeprazole pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization and sieving-spheronization. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that both methods produced closely similar characteristics of the pellets in terms of, friability (p=0.553), flowability (p=0.677), hardness (p=0.103) and density (bulk, p=0.514, tapped, p=0.149) except particle size distribution (p=0.004). The percent drug release from the coated formulation prepared by sieving-spheronization and extrusion spheronization was observed to be 84.12 ± 1.10% and 82.67 ± 0.96%, respectively. Dissolution profiles of both formulations were similar as indicated by values of f1 and f2, 1.52 and 89.38, respectively. The coated formulation prepared by sieving-spheronization and commercial reference product, Zimore ® also showed similar dissolution profiles (f1=1.22, f2=91.52). The pellets could be prepared using sieving-spheronization. The process is simple, easy, less time- and labor-consuming and economical as compared to extrusion-spheronization process.
The "noni" species of Morinda citrifolia L., is using in traditional medicine in the tropical country for over 2000 years. Noni fruit has come from the Morinda citrifolia tree which is called Rubiaceae, and it is from the coffee family. It is a perennial herb whose ripe fruit has a robust butyric acid smell and flavor. Recently scientists have proven that this fruit has antioxidant and antibiotic properties in vitro. An anthraquinone, damnacanthal, is one of the constituents of Morinda citrifolia. It has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer properties. Damnacanthal has low water solubility and low bioavailability. Formulating of damnacanthal into the biodegradable nanocapsule drug delivery system may increase its bioavailability. Various formulations of damnacanthal would be developed to enable the selection of a dosage form that could offer the provision of the anti-cancer bioactive substance with suitable sustained- or controlled release properties. The efficiency of extraction of damnacanthal will be compared using both conventional and traditional method. Both the damnacanthal and an anthraquinone active compounds extracted from noni roots, are currently being studied in the context of anti-cancer study. Soon, the medical values, bioactivities and nutritional of this fruit can be assessed, especially its anti-cancer activity, this fruit extract could play an outstanding economic role in Malaysia and other tropical countries.
A simple and sensitive stability-indicating HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of montelukast in the development of chewable tablet formulation. Chromatographic separation was achieved using Atlantis® T3 3µm C18 (4.6mmID X 10cm) analytical column. The mobile phase was consisted of KH2PO4 (0.05mM)-ACN-TEA (450:550:1.33, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 2.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with detection wavelength at 255nm. Method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guideline. Stress degradation studies, comprising of acid and alkali hydrolysis (1M HCl and 1M NaOH), oxidative degradation (3% H2O2), photo degradation and heat degradation, were performed. The standard calibration curve was linear from 0.0025 - 0.375mg/mL. The LOD and LLOQ were 0.01μg/mL and 0.04μg/mL. Stress degradation result shows that montelukast sodium was sensitive to photo degradation, oxidation and acid hydrolysis. Oxidative degradation kinetic study of montelukast sodium followed first order reaction, with r2 =0.9877, apparent degradation rate constant, k= 0.1066 h-1, t1/2= 6.6151 hr and t90% = 1.0118hr. In conclusion, HPLC-UV method was successfully developed and validated for determination of montelukast sodium in chewable tablet formulation.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum on urinary electrolytes, pH and diuretic activity in normal albino rats. Moreover, acute toxicity of the gum extract was assessed using mice. Albino rats were divided into five groups. Control group received normal saline (10 mg/kg), reference group received furosemide (10 mg/kg) and test groups were given different doses of crude extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) by intra-peritoneal route, respectively. The Graph Pad Prism was used for the statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant diuretic, kaliuretic and natriuretic effects were observed in the treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Diuretic index showed good diuretic activity of the crude extract. Lipschitz values indicated that the crude extract, at the dose of 50 mg/kg, showed 44 % diuretic activity compared to the reference drug. No lethal effects were observed among albino mice even at the higher dose of 3000 mg/kg. It is concluded that aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata oleo gum, at the dose of 50 mg/kg showed significant effects on urinary volume and concentration of urinary electrolytes with no signs of toxicity.
Patient adherence with a therapeutic regimen predicts successful treatment and reduces the severity of negative complications. The purpose of this work was to find the relationship between general Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and compliance to the treatment among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM) in Sargodha, Pakistan. The research was planned as a cross-sectional survey. T2DM patients attending a tertiary care institute in Sargodha, Pakistan were targeted for the study. The Urdu version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-Urdu) and EuroQol Quality of Life Scale were employed to evaluate adherence to treatment regimen and HRQoL correspondingly. Descriptive statistics were used for the elaboration of socio-demographic characteristics. The Spearman rank order test was employed to determine the relationship between medicine adherence and HRQoL. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 392 patients were selected for the survey. Most participants were males (n=222, 56.6%) with 5.58±4.09 years of history of T2DM. Majority of respondents (n=137, 34.9%) were categorized in age group of 51 to 60 years with mean age of 50.77±9.671 years. The present study highlighted that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus had decreased HRQoL (0.4715±0.3360) and poor medication adherence (4.44±1.8). Significant, yet weak positive correlations were observed between medication adherence and HRQoL (r=0.217 and 0.136 for EQ-5D and EQVAS respectively). Although the association between adherence to therapeutic regimen and HRQoL in the present study cohort was significant, it was rated as weak, hence failed in producing an overall impression on quality of life. The study highlights the need of identifying other individual factors affecting HRQoL among T2DM patients in Pakistan.