METHODS: This population-based and observational cohort study reviewed pediatric RHD patients (0-18 years) from the Sabah Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Registry from 2015 till 2018.

RESULTS: A total of 188 RHD were reviewed with 120 new cases. The incidence of RHD is 2.19 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.83-2.61] per 100 000 population, with a rising trend over time. Meanwhile, the prevalence of RHD was 13.78 (95% CI: 11.92-15.86) per 100 000 pediatric population. The majority of patients were from indigenous groups (59.0%), male (56.4%) with a mean age of 14.3 (3.31) years. About 77.9% had the lowest household income, and a significant proportion lived in overcrowded conditions. At diagnosis, 59% were diagnosed with severe RHD. There is heightened risk but no statistical significance between modifiable factors (low weight and height percentile at diagnosis, lowest income group, renting a house, overcrowding and healthcare access of more than 5 km) with severe RHD. Severe RHD is significantly associated with risk for intervention (p = 0.016). Sixteen (13.8%) patients required surgical intervention. About 97.6% of patients were on intramuscular benzathine penicillin G with 84.5% compliance.