BACKGROUND: With the growing global population and increased food demand, the study of endophytes, comprising bacteria and fungi, becomes crucial. They reside within plant tissues, affecting their hosts either beneficially or detrimentally. Agrobacteria are of specific interest due to their potential to contribute to developing strategies for plant resistance enhancement.
METHODS: We conducted exhaustive research on the defense-related proteins and mechanisms involved in maize-pathogen interactions. The efficacy of ACCA as a natural-compound that could enhance maize's resistance was examined.
RESULTS: Our research indicates that ACCA, having a binding energy of -9.98 kcal/mol, successfully strengthens maize resistance against pathogenic assaults and drought stress. It plays a crucial protective role in maize plants as they mature, outperforming other ligands in its effectiveness to improve productivity and increase yield.
CONCLUSION: Applying ACCA to maize plants has considerable potential in enhancing their resilience and tolerance to stress, proving to be an effective strategy to boost crop yield and productivity. This could help address the increasing global food demand. However, more research is needed to optimize ACCA application methods and to gain a comprehensive understanding of its long-term effects on maize cultivations and the environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted two 6.5 h workshops and two 90-min interviews involving 18 AMR and other disciplinary experts from human, animal, and environment sectors who brainstormed the factors influencing AMR and identified leverage points (places) for intervention. Transcripts and workshop materials were coded for factors and their connections and transcribed into a causal loop diagram (CLD). Thematic analysis described AMR dynamics in SEA's food system and leverage points for intervention. The CLD and themes were confirmed via participant feedback.
RESULTS: Participants constructed a CLD of AMR in the SEA food system that contained 98 factors interlinked by 362 connections. CLD factors reflected eight sub-areas of the SEA food system (e.g., government). Seven themes [e.g., antimicrobial and pesticide use and AMR spread (n = 40 quotes)], six "overarching factors" that impact the entire AMR system [e.g., the drive to survive (n = 12 quotes)], and 10 places for intervention that target CLD factors (n = 5) and overarching factors (n = 2) emerged from workshop discussions.
CONCLUSION: The participant derived CLD of factors influencing AMR in the SEA food system demonstrates that AMR is a product of numerous interlinked actions taken across the One Health spectrum and that finding solutions is no simple task. Developing the model enabled the identification of potentially promising leverage points across human, animal, and environment sectors that, if comprehensively targeted using multi-pronged interventions, could evoke system wide changes that mitigate AMR. Even targeting some leverage points for intervention, such as increasing investments in research and capacity building, and setting and enforcing regulations to control antimicrobial supply, demand, and use could, in turn, shift mindsets that lead to changes in more difficult to alter leverage points, such as redefining the profit-driven intent that drives system behavior in ways that transform AMU and sustainably mitigate AMR.
METHODS: To understand the genetic diversity, 74 DENV-2 strains were isolated from DF epidemic cases between 2017 and 2019. Combining whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology, additional phylogenetic, haplotype, amino acid (AA) substitution, and recombination analyses were performed.
RESULTS: The results revealed that strains from 2017 were closely related to those from Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, indicating an imported international transmission. Local strains from 2018 were clustered with those recovered from 2019 and were closely associated with Guangzhou isolates, suggesting a within-country transmission after the significant outbreak in 2017. Compared to DENV-2 virus P14337 (Thailand/0168/1979), a total of 20 AA substitutions were detected. Notably, V431I, T2881I, and K3291T mutations only occurred in indigenous cases from 2017, and A1402T, V1457I, Q2777E, R3189K, and Q3310R mutations were exclusively found in imported cases from 2018 to 2019. The recombination analysis indicated that a total of 14 recombination events were observed.
CONCLUSION: This study may improve our understanding of DENV transmission in Hangzhou and provide further insight into DENV-2 transmission and the local vaccine choice.