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  1. Deeb A, Elbarbary N, Smart CE, Beshyah SA, Habeb A, Kalra S, et al.
    Pediatr Diabetes, 2020 02;21(1):5-17.
    PMID: 31659852 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12920
  2. Hassanein M, Binte Zainudin S, Shaikh S, Shaltout I, Malek R, Buyukbese MA, et al.
    Curr Med Res Opin, 2024 Sep;40(9):1515-1523.
    PMID: 39076065 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2385057
    BACKGROUND: Managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting is a challenge due lifestyle changes. We described the characteristics and patterns of care for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during Ramadan 2020 and 2022.

    METHODS: Our study included multinational Muslims with T2DM who were during routine consultation. We collected data on demographics, fasting characteristics, and complications. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multiple testing were performed.

    RESULTS: 12,529 patients participated. Mean age was 55.2 ± 11.8 years; 52.4% were females. Mean diabetes duration was 9.9 ± 7.4 years; 27.7% were with HbA1c >9% (75 mmol/mol) and 70% had complications. Metformin was the most used medication followed by insulin. 85.1% fasted ≥1 day; fasting mean duration was 27.6 ± 5.6 days. Hypoglycemia occurred in 15.5% of whom 11.7% attended emergency department or were hospitalized; this was significantly associated with age and/or duration of diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurred in 14.9% of whom 6.1% attended emergency department or were hospitalized and was also associated with age or duration of diabetes. 74.2% performed SMBG during fasting. 59.2% were educated on Ramadan fasting, with 89.7% receiving it during routine consultation.

    CONCLUSIONS: Ramadan fasting in T2DM is high. Multidisciplinary approach is required to mitigate complications. Our findings support current recommendations for safe fasting.

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