A substantial threat to worldwide health, the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compels researchers to seek innovative antibacterial substances. This systematic review assesses the role of nanoparticles, particularly Calcium oxide and Silicon oxide nanoparticles, in infection control. The article examines the mechanisms by which these nanoparticles act against various bacteria and evaluates their potential as novel agents in infection control strategies. A systematic literature search from 2015 to 2024 encompassing Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, yielded 70 publications meeting the review criteria. This comprehensive methodology provides a thorough understanding of the capabilities and limitations of Calcium oxide and Silicon oxide nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. The review aims to build a solid foundation for the utilization of nanoparticles in addressing the obstacles presented by antibiotic resistance by combining data from various investigations. Additionally, it aims to explore the safety and environmental implications associated with their use in clinical and environmental settings, providing a comprehensive analysis that may contribute to future studies and real-world applications in the field of antimicrobial technology.
In the present research work, 2D-Porous NiO decorated graphene nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method to monitored the concentration of epinephrine (EPI). The morphology (SEM and TEM) results confirmed 2D-Porous NiO nanoparticles firmly attached over graphene nanosheets. FTIR and XPS analysis confirmed the formation of nickel oxide formation and complete reduction of GO to rGO. The electrochemical activity of the proposed NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode on epinephrine was analyzed by simple cyclic voltammetry technique. The proposed low cost NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode showed excellent catalytic activity over GCE and rGO/GCE electrodes. Due to its high conductivity and charge transfer ability of the NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode exhibited high sensitivity of EPI at optimized conditions. The anodic peak current of the EPI linearly increases with increasing the concertation of EPI. A wide linear range (50 μM-1000 μM) was achieved with high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9986) and the limit of detection (LOD) of NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode was calculated to be 10 μM. NiO-rGO/GCE electrode showed good stability and repeatability towards the EPI oxidation. Mainly, the proposed NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode showed good sensitivity of EPI in the human biological fluid with high recovery percentage. The low cost, NiO-rGO/GCE electrode could be the promising sensor electrode for the detection of Epinephrine in the real samples.