METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted among public PHCPs across six states in Malaysia. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used. Fifteen primary healthcare doctors and nurses underwent in-depth interviews. Recruitment was stopped when data saturation was achieved. Data were thematically analysed.

RESULTS: Four themes emerged: 1) views towards vaccination and vaccine hesitancy, 2) disparity in strategies and resources used among PHCPs, 3) fixed-minded vaccine deniers and religious incompatibility: the two towering hurdles and 4) negative impact after encounters with vaccine hesitancy.

METHODS: We utilised systematic random sampling by recruiting every 25th patient registered in our clinic during data collection. Participants answered a self-administered printed questionnaire regarding their smartphone usage and familiarity with QR code scanning at the patients' waiting area. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.

RESULTS: A total of 323 patients participated (response rate=100%). The participants' median age was 57 years (interquartile range=4l-67). Most participants were women (63.1%). Approximately 90.4% (n=282) used smartphones, with 83.7% (n=261) reporting average or good usage proficiency. More than half (58.0%) accessed medical information via their smartphones, and 67.0% were familiar with QR codes. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that familiarity with QR codes was linked to age of <65 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.593, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.351-8.976, P<0.001], tertiary education (AOR=2.385, 95% CI=1.170-4.863, P=0.017), smartphone proficiency (A0R=4.703, 95% CI= 1.624-13.623, P=0.004) and prior smartphone usage to access medical information (AOR=5.472, 95% CI=2.790-10.732, P<0.001).