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Fulltext Improving Coconut Using Modern Breeding Technologies: Challenges and Opportunities

Arumugam T, Hatta MAM

Plants (Basel), 2022 Dec 07;11(24).
PMID: 36559524 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243414

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial palm with a wide range of distribution across tropical islands and coastlines. Multitude use of coconut by nature is important in the socio-economic fabric framework among rural smallholders in producing countries. It is a major source of income for 30 million farmers, while 60 million households rely on the coconut industry directly as farm workers and indirectly through the distribution, marketing, and processing of coconut and coconut-based products. Stagnant production, inadequate planting materials, the effects of climate change, as well as pests and diseases are among the key issues that need to be urgently addressed in the global coconut industry. Biotechnology has revolutionized conventional breeding approaches in creating genetic variation for trait improvement in a shorter period of time. In this review, we highlighted the challenges of current breeding strategies and the potential of biotechnological approaches, such as genomic-assisted breeding, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based genotyping and genome editing tools in improving the coconut. Also, combining these technologies with high-throughput phenotyping approaches and speed breeding could speed up the rate of genetic gain in coconut breeding to solve problems that have been plaguing the industry for decades.
Relationship between ultrasonographic nerve morphology and severity of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy

Arumugam T, Razali SN, Vethakkan SR, Rozalli FI, Shahrizaila N

Eur J Neurol, 2016 Feb;23(2):354-60.
PMID: 26498575 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12836

In the current study, the aim was to characterize the nerve ultrasound cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP) of different severities.
Fulltext De Garengeot hernia: a rare case in an elderly woman and a review of operative approaches

Zainudin S, Hayati F, Arumugam T, Ho KY

BMJ Case Rep, 2021 Apr 16;14(4).
PMID: 33863769 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240557

De Garengeot hernia is a rare finding of the vermiform appendix inside a femoral hernia sac. We report this occurrence in a 73-year-old woman who presented in the acute setting. There are no standardised surgical approaches and many different techniques have been described in case reports in the literature. We conducted a literature review of and found a total of 113 cases with addition of our case 114 unique cases were included for analysis. Inguinal incision was most cited (n=89). Concomitant laparotomy was needed in 13 patients, however, the association between type of incision and additional laparotomy was not significant (p>0.05). Laparoscopic surgery alone was performed in eight patients. Nine patients had hybrid surgery. The most common hernia repair was through suture technique with non-absorbable material (n=31). Mesh repair was used in 28 cases. More laparoscopic surgeries were done when the disease was diagnosed preoperatively (7/39, p<0.05).
Serial peripheral nerve ultrasound in Guillain-Barré syndrome

Razali SNO, Arumugam T, Yuki N, Rozalli FI, Goh KJ, Shahrizaila N

Clin Neurophysiol, 2016 Feb;127(2):1652-1656.
PMID: 26228791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.06.030

OBJECTIVE: To assess the longitudinal changes of nerve ultrasound in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) patients.
METHODS: We prospectively recruited 17 GBS patients and 17 age and gender-matched controls. Serial studies of their nerve conduction parameters and nerve ultrasound, documenting the cross-sectional areas (CSA), were performed at admission and repeated at several time points throughout disease course.
RESULTS: Serial nerve ultrasound revealed significantly enlarged CSA in median, ulnar and sural nerves within the first 3 weeks of disease onset. Longitudinal evaluation revealed an improvement in the nerve CSA with time, reaching significance in the ulnar and sural nerves after 12 weeks. There was no significant difference between the demyelinating and axonal subtypes. There was also no significant correlation found between nerve CSA and neurophysiological parameters or changes in nerve CSA and muscle strength.
CONCLUSION: In GBS, serial studies of peripheral nerve ultrasound CSA are helpful to detect a gradual improvement in the nerve size.
SIGNIFICANCE: Serial nerve ultrasound studies could serve as a useful tool in demonstrating nerve recovery in GBS.
Nerve ultrasound can distinguish chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy from demyelinating diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy

Tan CY, Arumugam T, Razali SNO, Yahya MA, Goh KJ, Shahrizaila N

J Clin Neurosci, 2018 Nov;57:198-201.
PMID: 30145079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.031

Diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control can demonstrate demyelinating distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (D-DSP) on electrophysiology. Distinguishing D-DSP from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) can be challenging. In this study, we investigated the role of nerve ultrasound in differentiating the two neuropathies. Nerve ultrasound findings of D-DSP patients (fulfilling the electrophysiological but not clinical criteria for CIDP) were compared with non-diabetic CIDP patients (fulfilling both criteria). We studied 108 and 95 nerves from 9 D-DSP and 10 CIDP patients respectively. CIDP patients had significantly larger cross-sectional areas of the median nerve at the mid-arm (17.0 ± 12.5 vs 8.7 ± 2.6; p = 0.005), ulnar nerve at the wrist (7.3 ± 3.1 vs 4.1 ± 1.0; p = 0.001), mid forearm (8.8 ± 5.3 vs 5.5 ± 1.5; p = 0.002) and mid-arm (14.5 ± 14.1 vs 7.5 ± 1.9; p = 0.013), and radial nerve at mid forearm (4.1 ± 2.4 vs 1.2 ± 0.4; p 
Fulltext Rhabdomyolysis due to unidentified jellyfish envenomation in west Malaysian waters

Loy JS, Khoo CC, Arumugam T, Ngian GH, Ismail AK

Toxicon X, 2024 Mar;21:100170.
PMID: 38021315 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100170

Jellyfish envenomation is a common marine injury. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy who developed muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis after a jellyfish sting. He was stung on the face, hands, and feet. He sustained immediate pain and numbness; however no immediate action was taken. He was taken to a primary health clinic and discharged with syrup Paracetamol 15mg/kg/dose and syrup Chlorpheniramine maleate 0.1mg/kg/dose for symptomatic relief. Over the next several days, the pain became generalized involving upper and lower limbs, aggravated by movement, and not alleviated by analgesia nor antihistamine. His condition worsened with the development of weakness of upper and lower limbs and 'tea-colored' urine from day 3 of illness. He received treatment for rhabdomyolysis at a district hospital. Maintaining hydration and urine output and symptomatic relief are central to treatment. His muscle pain and weakness improved. He was discharged well and remained asymptomatic at follow up.