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  1. Saupsor J, Sangsawang J, Kao-Ian W, Mahlendorf F, Mohamad AA, Cheacharoen R, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2023 Apr 04;13(1):5494.
    PMID: 37016007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32392-z
  2. Saupsor J, Sangsawang J, Kao-Ian W, Mahlendorf F, Mohamad AA, Cheacharoen R, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2022 Dec 07;12(1):21156.
    PMID: 36477629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25763-5
    Flow batteries possess several attractive features including long cycle life, flexible design, ease of scaling up, and high safety. They are considered an excellent choice for large-scale energy storage. Carbon felt (CF) electrodes are commonly used as porous electrodes in flow batteries. In vanadium flow batteries, both active materials and discharge products are in a liquid phase, thus leaving no trace on the electrode surface. However, zinc-based flow batteries involve zinc deposition/dissolution, structure and configuration of the electrode significantly determine stability and performance of the battery. Herein, fabrication of a compressed composite using CF with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is investigated in a Zn-Fe flow battery (ZFB). Graphene (G) is successfully introduced in order to improve its electrochemical activity towards zinc reactions on the negative side of the ZFB. A compressed composite CF electrode offers more uniform electric field and lower nucleation overpotential (NOP) of zinc than a pristine CF, resulting in higher zinc plating/stripping efficiency. Batteries with modified electrodes are seen to provide lower overpotential. Particularly, the G-PVDF-CF electrode demonstrates maximum discharge capacity of 39.6 mAh cm-2 with coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency over 96% and 61%, respectively. Finally, results lead to increased efficiency and cycling stability for flow batteries.
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