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Removal of As(V) and Sb(V) in aqueous solution by Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide-incorporated polyethersulfone polymer beads (PES-LDH)

Lee SH, Choi H, Kim KW

Environ Geochem Health, 2018 Oct;40(5):2119-2129.
PMID: 29536286 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0087-y

To develop a novel granular adsorbent to remove arsenic and antimony from water, calcined Mg/Al-layered double-hydroxide (CLDH)-incorporated polyethersulfone (PES) granular adsorbents (PES-LDH) were prepared using a core-shell method having 25% PES in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution. The PES-LDH displayed a spherical hollow shape having a rough surface and the average particle size of 1-2 mm. On the PES-LDH surface, nanosized CLDH (100-150 nm) was successfully immobilized by consolidation between PES and CLDH. The adsorption of Sb(V) by PES-LDH was found to be more favorable than for As(V), with the maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) and Sb(V) being 7.44 and 22.8 mg/g, respectively. The regeneration results indicated that a 0.5 M NaOH and 5 M NaCl mixed solution achieved an 80% regeneration efficiency in As(V) adsorption and desorption. However, the regeneration efficiency of Sb(V) gradually decreased due to its strong binding affinity, even though the PES-LDH showed much higher Sb(V) adsorption efficiency than As(V). This study suggested that PES-LDH could be a promising granular adsorbent for the remediation of As(V) and Sb(V) contained in wastewater.
Fulltext A metabolomic analysis of thiol response for standard and modified N-acetyl cysteine treatment regimens in patients with acetaminophen overdose

Dear JW, Ng ML, Bateman DN, Leroy Sivappiragasam P, Choi H, Khoo BBJ, et al.

Clin Transl Sci, 2021 Jul;14(4):1476-1489.
PMID: 33742775 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13009

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antidote to prevent acetaminophen (paracetamol-APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). The 3-bag licensed 20.25 h standard regimen, and a 12 h modified regimen, are used to treat APAP overdose. This study evaluated the redox thiol response and APAP metabolites, in patients with a single APAP overdose treated with either the 20.25 h standard or 12 h modified regimen. We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantify clinically important oxidative stress biomarkers and APAP metabolites in plasma samples from 45 patients who participated in a randomized controlled trial (SNAP trial). We investigated the time course response of plasma metabolites at predose, 12 h, and 20.25 h post-start of NAC infusion. The results showed that the 12 h modified regimen resulted in a significant elevation of plasma NAC and cysteine concentrations at 12 h post-infusion. We found no significant alteration in the metabolism of APAP, mitochondrial, amino acids, and other thiol biomarkers with the two regimens. We examined APAP and purine metabolism in overdose patients who developed ALI. We showed the major APAP-metabolites and xanthine were significantly higher in patients with ALI. These biomarkers correlated well with alanine aminotransferase activity at admission. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that at admission, plasma APAP-metabolites and xanthine concentrations were predictive for ALI. In conclusion, a significantly higher redox thiol response with the modified NAC regimen at 12 h postdose suggests this regimen may produce greater antioxidant efficacy. At baseline, plasma APAP and purine metabolites may be useful biomarkers for early prediction of APAP-induced ALI.
Adjunctive pascolizumab in rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: proof-of-concept, partially-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial

Paton NI, Gurumurthy M, Lu Q, Leek F, Kwan P, Koh HWL, et al.

J Infect Dis, 2024 Mar 25.
PMID: 38527849 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae104

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), increased in tuberculosis infection, may impair bacterial killing. Blocking IL-4 confers benefit in animal models. We evaluated safety and efficacy of pascolizumab (humanised anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody) as adjunctive tuberculosis treatment.
METHODS: Participants with rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis received a single intravenous infusion of pascolizumab or placebo; and standard 6-month tuberculosis treatment. Pascolizumab dose increased in successive cohorts: [1] non-randomised 0.05 mg/kg (n = 4); [2] non-randomised 0.5 mg/kg (n = 4); [3] randomised 2.5 mg/kg (n = 9) or placebo (n = 3); [4] randomised 10 mg/kg (n = 9) or placebo (n = 3). Co-primary safety outcome was study-drug-related grade 4 or serious adverse event (G4/SAE); in all cohorts (1-4). Co-primary efficacy outcome was week-8 sputum culture time-to-positivity (TTP); in randomised cohorts (3-4) combined.
RESULTS: Pascolizumab levels exceeded IL-4 50% neutralising dose for 8 weeks in 78-100% of participants in cohorts 3-4. There were no study-drug-related G4/SAEs. Median week-8 TTP was 42 days in pascolizumab and placebo groups (p = 0.185). Rate of TTP increase was greater with pascolizumab (difference from placebo 0.011 [95% Bayesian credible interval 0.006 to 0.015] log10TTP/day.
CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence to suggest blocking IL-4 was unsafe. Preliminary efficacy findings are consistent with animal models. This supports further investigation of adjunctive anti-IL-4 interventions for tuberculosis in larger phase 2 trials.

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