The aim of this study was to test the antimicrobial, antiadhesive, and antibiofilm activities of a rhamnolipid extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UKMP14T previously isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Malaysia against ESKAPE (i.e. multidrug resistant) pathogens. Zones of inhibition in an agar well diffusion assay were observed at 50 µg mL-1 concentrations of rhamnolipid for all the ESKAPE bacteria. The MIC and MBC values ranged between 7.81-62.5 µg mL-1 and 31.25-1000 µg mL-1, respectively. Percent killing was recorded to be >90% except for Klebsiella pneumoniae (86.84%). Furthermore, antiadhesion studies showed that there was 76% hindrance in attachment of Enterococcus faecium and 91% in Acinetobacter baumannii at 4 × MIC. The highest inhibition in adhesion was found at 4 × MIC, which was 46% for Ac. baumannii and 62% for Enterococcus faecium. Finally, the antibiofilm capability of the rhamnolipid was determined, which ranged between 25%-76% in Ac. baumannii and 35%-88% in Enterococcus faecium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to include research on antimicrobial, antiadhesive and antibiofilm activities of rhamnolipid from the local isolate Ps. aeruginosa UKMP14T against ESKAPE bacteria. Obtained results suggest that this rhamnolipid can be exploited commercially for the production of novel antibiotics.
Despite the significance of biogenic methane generation in coal beds, there has never been a systematic long-term evaluation of the ecological response to biostimulation for enhanced methanogenesis in situ. Biostimulation tests in a gas-free coal seam were analysed over 1.5 years encompassing methane production, cell abundance, planktonic and surface associated community composition and chemical parameters of the coal formation water. Evidence is presented that sulfate reducing bacteria are energy limited whilst methanogenic archaea are nutrient limited. Methane production was highest in a nutrient amended well after an oxic preincubation phase to enhance coal biofragmentation (calcium peroxide amendment). Compound-specific isotope analyses indicated the predominance of acetoclastic methanogenesis. Acetoclastic methanogenic archaea of the Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina genera increased with methane concentration. Acetate was the main precursor for methanogenesis, however more acetate was consumed than methane produced in an acetate amended well. DNA stable isotope probing showed incorporation of 13C-labelled acetate into methanogenic archaea, Geobacter species and sulfate reducing bacteria. Community characterisation of coal surfaces confirmed that methanogenic archaea make up a substantial proportion of coal associated biofilm communities. Ultimately, methane production from a gas-free subbituminous coal seam was stimulated despite high concentrations of sulfate and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the coal formation water. These findings provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the coal reservoir biosphere.
Food waste (FW) minimization at the source by using food waste biodigester (FWBs) has a vast potential to lower down the impact of increasing organic fraction in municipal solid waste generation. To this end, this research sought to check the performance of locally isolated hydrolase-producing bacteria (HPB) to improve food waste biodegradation rate. Two under-explored HPB identified as Bacillus paralicheniformis GRA2 and Bacillus velezensis TAP5 were able to produce maximum amylase, cellulase, protease and lipase activities, and demonstrated a significant hydrolase synergy in co-culture fermentation. In vitro biodegradation analysis of both autoclaved and non-autoclaved FW revealed that the HPB inoculation was effective to degrade total solids (>62%), protein (>19%), total fat (>51), total sugar (>86%), reducing sugar (>38%) and starch (>50%) after 8-day incubation. All co-culture treatments were recorded superior to the respective monocultures and the uninoculated control. The results of FW biodegradation using batch-biodigester trial indicated that the 1500 mL and 1000 mL inoculum size of HPB inoculant reached a plateau on the 4th day, with gross biodegradation percentage (GBP) of >85% as compared to control (66.4%). The 1000 mL inoculum was sufficient to achieve the maximum GBP (>90%) of FW after an 8-day biodigestion in a FWB.