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  1. Chuang SH
    Biol. Bull., 1968 Oct;135(2):263-272.
    PMID: 28368762 DOI: 10.2307/1539780
    1. Thirty-three discinid larvae were obtained one meter below the water surface in the daytime in the shallow part of the Johore Strait, north of Singapore. 2. The oldest among them, 462 µ in longitudinal diameter, resembled the "Mueller's larva" discovered by Mueller and referred to Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King) by many subsequent authors. 3. The youngest among them, 108 µ long and 115 µ wide in dorsal shell, resembled Simroth's smaller discinid larva of 220 µ diameter in many essential features. 4. The larvae in this study showed a gradual transition in many morphological characters, indicating that they were a series of developmental stages in the ontogeny of a single discinid species. 5. The two bunches of long embryonic setae were gradually replaced by the curved early larval setae in the medium-sized specimens. Towards the close of the larval stage the third kind of setae appeared from the mantle border. 6. The dorsal shell valve maintained its oval shape during the entire larval stage. The posterior edge of the ventral one, however, gradually changed from convex to concave, passing through a stage when it was almost a straight line. 7. The statocysts and the pedicle appeared in older larvae. 8. The number of cirri remained constant throughout the larval stage. 9. The larvae were compared with the discinid larvae previously recorded. Their developmental changes and the breeding season of discinids were discussed.
  2. Du JC, Chang MH, Yeh CJ, Lee MT, Lee HJ, Chuang SH, et al.
    Ann Neurol, 2023 Sep 30.
    PMID: 37776102 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26805
    OBJECTIVE: The SLIT and NTRK-like 1 (SLITRK1) gene mutation and striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) loss are associated with Tourette syndrome (TS). ChIs comprise only 1 to 2% of striatal neurons but project widely throughout the stratum to impact various striatal neurotransmission, including TS-related dopaminergic transmission. Here, we link striatal Slitrk1, ChI function, and dopaminergic transmission and their associations with TS-like tic behaviors.

    METHODS: Slitrk1-KD mice were induced by bilaterally injecting Slitrk1 siRNA into their dorsal striatum. Control mice received scrambled siRNA injection. Their TS-like tic behaviors, prepulse inhibition, sensory-motor function and dopamine-related behaviors were compared. We also compared dopamine and ACh levels in microdialysates, Slitrk protein and dopamine transporter levels, and numbers of Slitrk-positive ChIs and activated ChIs in the striatum between two mouse groups, and electrophysiological properties between Slitrk-positive and Slitrk-negative striatal ChIs.

    RESULTS: Slitrk1-KD mice exhibit TS-like haloperidol-sensitive stereotypic tic behaviors, impaired prepulse inhibition, and delayed sensorimotor response compared with the control group. These TS-like characteristics correlate with lower striatal Slitrk1 protein levels, fewer Slitrk1-containing ChIs, and fewer activated ChIs in Slitrk1-KD mice. Based on their electrophysiological properties, Slitrk1-negative ChIs are less excitable than Slitrk1-positive ChIs. Slitrk1-KD mice have lower evoked acetylcholine and dopamine levels, higher tonic dopamine levels, and downregulated dopamine transporters in the striatum, increased apomorphine-induced climbing behaviors, and impaired methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion compared with controls.

    INTERPRETATION: Slitrk1 is pivotal in maintaining striatal ChIs activity and subsequent dopaminergic transmission for normal motor functioning. Furthermore, conditional striatal Slitrk1-KD mice may serve as a translational modality with aspects of TS phenomenology. ANN NEUROL 2023.

  3. Chatrchyan S, Khachatryan V, Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Bergauer T, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2014 Apr 25;112(16):161802.
    PMID: 24815637
    Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top quark (the top squark) and the Higgs boson (Higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7  fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at s=8  TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the top squark mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the Higgsino mass.
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