Introduction: Rooted form the ancient times, having a white and a delicate skin has been a dream of all women as it is perceived as a perfect beauty. Due to this high desideratum, the global beauty industry had taken an advantage to this target group promising an instant white skin for as early as three days. Global industry analysts (GIA) pre- dicted that this year 2020 the global market for skin lighteners will reach $23 billion. Despite the effectiveness of using skin-lightening, some had reported of having adverse effect including dermatological as well as neurological. Methods: This is a quantitative study using descriptive analysis approach to all nursing students in Sabah. The type of sampling is using snowball sampling methods. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to all nursing colleges in Sabah. Results: A total of 161 nursing students responded. Based on this study, most of students start are using cos- metic product in the age of15years old. Using an open-ended question, the top three cosmetic products containing skin-lightening ingredients use by students are Safi(27.9%), Garnier (25.5%)and Simple(16.1.%). Majority experience acne (47.5%) and skin irritation (18.8%)after using cosmetic products containing skin-lightening ingredients while 36.6% did not experience any skin problem. It is about80% concern about safety when choosing skin care contain skin-lightening ingredients,76.9% will make an effort to read leaflet provided prior to purchasing, 69.4% aware about the list of dangerous ingredients in choosing skin care contain skin-lightening ingredients, 78.1% aware about its side effect. Conclusion: The outcome of this preliminary study lead to the conclusion that nursing students in Sa- bah are aware that using a cosmetic product contain skin-lightening ingredient is harmful for them.
Introduction: Phlebitis may localise to the insertion site or travel along the vein. The risk of phlebitis is higher in children as they have thin and weak blood vessels and move continuously due to the pain associated with insertion. Therefore, regular assessment of the risk of developing phlebitis is crucial. This review aimed to identify infusion phlebitis assessment tool used in the paediatric setting. Methods: Electronic databases used were Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. A total of ten studies which assess the development of infusion phlebitis on hos- pitalised children included in this reviewed. Study findings were discussed and concluded with a recommendation for clinical practice and future studies. Results: Phlebitis development rate was the primary outcome measures in ten studies. Of ten studies, six provided no actual definition of phlebitis. Eight reported phlebitis incidence and/or severity, eight used a scale and two used a definition alone in assessing the development of phlebitis. This review identified five different phlebitis assessment scales. Conclusion: Although there are applicable phlebitis scales can be used for paediatric setting, Limited studies have been conducted on infusion phlebitis assessment method in chil- dren. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies and vigorous test needed to identify applicable assessment tools in paediatric setting.
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, com- munication and behavioral challenges. According to the 2017 survey by the Ministry of Health Malaysia, children between the ages of 18 to 26 months showed ASD occurs approximately 1.6 in1000 children. In Sabah, 400 autistic children had been registered under Sabah Autism Society (SAS). The increasing prevalence of ASD had become a major concern not only to the parents but to the community. A correct understanding and perception about ASD are crucial especially to the nursing profession as they must be able to educate caregiver on how to manage patients with ASD. Methods: This is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional approach. The respondents are all nursing students in Sabah. The type of sampling is purposive, which is using snowball sampling methods. Research instruments were developed and distributed to all nursing colleges in Sabah. Results: A total of 115 students responded. The majority of age is within range of 18–20 years old and female students. Fifty percents (50%) respondents perceived that of autism is a socio-emotional and neuro-developmental disorder with a non-verbal behaviors’ impairment, curable disorder with proper treatment. More than fifty percent (50%) disagree that autistic child does not want friends and equivalent stand on the statement about autistic child can live independently. Ninety five percent (90%) agree that social media plays an important platform to deliver facts about autism, and health care provider remains as a key role to increase the level of awareness to the community. Conclusion: Results of this study revealed that nursing students in Sabah have a good awareness and perception towards autistic disorder. Nursing students in Sabah agree that social media plays a vital part to increase the level of awareness and perception.