College and university students often exhibit insufficient levels of physical activity, which negatively impacts their health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Social capital has emerged as a potential factor in promoting physical activity. This systematic review, conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, examines the existing literature on the role of social capital in enhancing physical activity among college and university students. A search of the Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, and PsychINFO databases identified 10 studies published by August 1, 2024, involving 2,700 students, primarily from North America and Europe. The overall quality of the included studies was high, with all scoring above 85% on quality assessments. The findings indicate that social capital, particularly strong social networks, support from family and friends, and high levels of social cohesion, is significantly associated with higher levels of physical activity among college and university students. Social capital may facilitate physical activity in group settings through mechanisms such as emotional support, role modeling, and social norms. Despite limitations within the existing research evidence, such as reliance on self-reported data and cross-sectional study designs, this review suggests that social capital holds potential for promoting physical activity in this population. Future research should prioritize the use of objective measurement tools and longitudinal designs to more accurately assess the long-term effects of social capital and explore how these findings can inform effective interventions.