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Abstract:
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  1. Dewi Hidayati, Ismail B, Shuhaimi-Othman M, Norela Sulaiman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1665-1674.
    LUSI (Lumpur“mud”-Sidoarjo) is the mud volcanic which was initiated by the failed gas drilling exploration activities
    carried out near an urban area. The evaluation of the LUSI mud volcanic emission and its dried mud effects on air pollution
    and human health was carried out from 2011 to 2012. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM2
    .
    5
    ), hazardous
    gases (H2
    S, SO2
    , NO2
    ), volatile organic compounds (VOC): Including total hydrocarbons (THC)), toluene (C6
    H5
    CH3
    ) and
    benzene (C6
    H6
    ) as well as heavy metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) were measured following standard methods. The results showed
    that the average concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 24.0-399.9 μg/m3
    , H2
    S: 1.53-2.92 ppm; SO2
    : 0.021-1.321 ppm and
    NO2
    : 0.007-0.076 ppm. The VOC included total hydrocarbons from 0.57-0.96 ppm, toluene 0.33-0.92 ppm and benzene
    0.33-0.40 ppm. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.6-37.34 μg/m3
    ; Cr 0.14-12.8 μg/m3
    and
    Cd 0.78-4.16 μg/m3
    . LUSI contributed to increased air pollution primarily through H2
    S, SO2 and PM2.5. The Air Quality
    Index (AQI) of PM2.5 (164-217) and SO2
    (235-291) showed that the air quality at the disaster area was ‘very unhealthy’.
    Backward trajectories indicated that the wind direction may have had an impact on the air pollution load.
  2. Dewi Hidayati, Norela Sulaiman, Ismail B, M. Shuhaimi-Othman, De Bellard M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:373-380.
    The Sidoarjo mud is the first visible phenomenon of a mud volcano that occurs in a human settlement and which is
    subsequently channelled into a river. Clay, aluminium and iron were reported to be the dominant contaminants that could
    possibly come into contact with and accumulate on the surface of local fish and initiate alteration in scale microstructure.
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of water body contamination in the Sidoarjo mud by evaluating the
    chromatophore density and microstructure deformation of fish scales that act as biomarkers. Scale samples were
    obtained from caged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish that were placed downstream and upstream
    of the Sidoarjo mud spillway pipes. With respect to melanophore density, it was found that the scales of fish exposed in
    the downstream section were significantly lower in chromatophores (<50 chr/mm²) than the control scales in fish from
    the upstream station (>100 chr/mm²). This study suggested that the density of chromatophores was closely related to
    the concentration of total suspended solids (r = 0.69), which was possibly enhanced by iron (r = 0.56). Using scanning
    electron microscopy analysis, some deformation, i.e. irregularity of spherule shape and increasing pits in the space
    between ridges, were observed.
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