Utilization is an important indicator for health service planning and can be determined through the count of actual usage of health services. There are also several determinants to health care utilization. This systematic review aims to explore the technical components from spatial analysis in primary health care utilization, the determinants frequently discussed, and the gap in the spatial analysis from these studies. Two databases were searched according to search strategy. A total of 15 articles were eligible. Each study was different in terms of analysis unit, spatial analysis, and utilization outcome. Spatial accessibility, sociodemographic, and geographical aspect were the frequent determi- nants discussed among the study of spatial utilization in this review. Several studies found the association between the determinants with utilization. However, spatial analysis in primary health care utilization studies still subjected to several limitation in term of their unit of analysis and source of data.
2a 2b dihomo 15(S) 15 methyl PGF2 alpha methyl ester (dihomo 15 me PGF2 alpha) in intramuscular doses of 0.5 mg 8 hourly was used in 631 patients with abnormal intrauterine pregnancy comprising 282 cases of intrauterine fetal death, 233 cases of missed abortion, 34 and 82 cases respectively anencephalic and molar pregnancies. The study was carried out as a collaborative project between the University Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Singapore (Singapore), Medan (Indonesia) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) during the period June 1974 and November 1979. Six hundred patients (95.1%) aborted or delivered in a mean time of 11.3 hours (S.D. +/- 7.0) with an average of 1.8 injections of the prostaglandin analogue per patient. Side effects included vomiting (23.6%; mean 0.45 episodes per patient), diarrhoea (44.4%; mean 1.00 episode per patient), cold and shivering (11.9%) and pyrexia (12.4%). One patient sustained a cervical laceration which did not require repair. There were no complications.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multidisciplinary, interventional, ergonomic education program designed to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems by reducing schoolbag weight and correcting poor sitting posture.
METHODS: Data were collected twice before and twice following intervention using the Standardized Nordic Body Map Questionnaire, a rapid upper limb assessment for posture evaluation, and schoolbag weight measurement in children aged 8 and 11 years attending two schools within the central region of Malaysia.
RESULTS: Students who received the ergonomic intervention reported significant improvements in their sitting posture in a classroom environment and reduction of schoolbag weight as compared with the controls.
CONCLUSION: A single-session, early intervention, group ergonomics education program for children aged 8 and 11 years is appropriate and effective, and should be considered as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal pain among schoolchildren in this age group.
KEYWORDS: assessment; awareness; education; ergonomic; intervention; musculoskeletal pain; school children
Prostaglandin E2 administered orally and combined with amniotomy was used for induction of labour at or near term in 1533 patients. The study was carried out as a collaborative project between the University Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Singapore, Medan (Indonesia) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The overall success rates for Medan, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore were 95.6%, 88.1% and 84.7% respectively.
To meet the current diversified health needs in workplaces, especially in nonindustrial workplaces in developing countries, an indoor air quality (IAQ) component of a participatory occupational safety and health survey should be included.
To analyze and characterize a multidisciplinary, integrated indoor air quality checklist for evaluating the health risk of building occupants in a nonindustrial workplace setting.