Oil palm biomass is widely known for its potential as a renewable resource for various value-added products due to its lignocellulosic content and availability. Oil palm biomass biorefinery is an industry that comes with sociopolitical benefits through job opportunities, as well as potential environmental benefits. Many studies have been conducted on the technological advancements of oil-palm biomass-derived renewable materials, which are discussed comprehensively in this review. Recent technological developments have made it possible to bring new and innovative technologies to commercialization, such as compost, biocharcoal, biocomposites, and bioplastics.
Several types of cardiovascular cells use microRNA-21 ( miR-21 ), which has been linked to cardioprotection. In this study, we systematically reviewed the results of published papers on the therapeutic effect of miR-21 for myocardial infarction. Studies described the cardioprotective effects of miR-21 to reduce infarct size by improving angiogenesis, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Results suggest that cardioprotective effects of miR-21 may work synergistically to prevent the deterioration of cardiac function during postischemia. However, there are other results that indicate that miR-21 positively regulates tissue fibrosis, potentially worsening a postischemic injury. The dual functionalities of miR-21 occur through the targeting of genes and signaling pathways, such as PTEN , PDCD4 , KBTBD7 , NOS3 , STRN , and Spry-1 . This review provides insights into the future advancement of safe miR-21 -based genetic therapy in the treatment of myocardial infarction.