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  1. Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels
    Hasan NWM, Baharin B, Mohd N, Rahman MA, Hassan N
    BMC Oral Health, 2024 Jul 29;24(1):861.
    PMID: 39069628 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04650-7
    BACKGROUND: The nicotine in e-cigarette liquid can negatively impact periodontal tissues by altering the salivary pH and elevating cotinine levels. Thus, the study aimed to determine the periodontal parameters, salivary pH, and cotinine levels among cigarette, e-cigarette, and never-smokers.

    METHODS: A total of 144 participants were recruited (48 cigarette smokers, 48 e-cigarette smokers, and 48 never-smokers). Clinical periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded, excluding third molars. The level of unstimulated whole salivary pH was measured using a portable pH meter and the levels of salivary cotinine were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

    RESULTS: Data were analysed statistically using analysis of variance. Mean scores of PPD, percentage of pocket depth ≥ 4 mm, and CAL (p 

  2. Beyond traditional diagnosis: aptamer-based microRNA detection for the early diagnosis of periodontitis
    Ashraf MU, Mustaffa KMF, Hasan NWM, Memon MA, Butt DQ, Mahmood R, et al.
    Mol Biol Rep, 2025 Jun 16;52(1):604.
    PMID: 40523972 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-025-10676-z
    Periodontitis is a prevalent, chronic inflammatory disease linked to microbial dysbiosis and host immune response, leading to destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. Traditional diagnostic methods, though widely used, are limited in their ability to detect early-stage disease and monitor real-time progression. Recent research highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) as non-invasive biomarkers, particularly in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), for the early detection of periodontitis. This review explores the emerging role of aptamer-based biosensors in miRNA detection, presenting them as highly specific and stable alternatives to antibodies. Aptamers, single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, exhibit high affinity for diverse targets and can be integrated into point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnostic devices. These aptasensors enable rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of miRNAs such as miR-146a and miR-155, which are implicated in inflammatory regulation and disease progression. The review outlines advancements in aptamer synthesis methods, including Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and computational approaches, and discusses the potential of aptamer-drug conjugates for therapeutic use. Despite challenges like nuclease degradation and rapid renal clearance, innovations in nanotechnology and AI-driven aptamer design are paving the way for personalized, non-invasive diagnostics in periodontitis. This article advocates for the integration of aptamer-based technologies into clinical practice, with emphasis on early intervention, real-time monitoring, and improved patient outcomes.
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