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  1. Hasnol S, Lim JW, Wong CY, Lam MK, Ntwampe SKO
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Jul;27(19):24574-24581.
    PMID: 32350833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09034-2
    The anaerobic decomposition of coconut endosperm waste (CEW), residue derived from cooking, has been insidiously spewing greenhouse gasses. Thus, the bioconversion of CEW via in situ fermentation by exo-microbes from commercial Rid-X and subsequent valorization by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) was the primary objective of the current study to gain sustainable larval lipid and protein. Accordingly, various concentrations of exo-microbes were separately homogenized with CEW to perform fermentation amidst feeding to BSFL. It was found that 2.50% of exo-microbes was the threshold amount entailed to assuage competition between exo-microbes and BSFL for common nutrients. The presence of remnant nutrients exuded from the fermentation using 2.50% of exo-microbes was confirmed to promote BSFL growth measured as maximum larval weight gained and growth rate. Although the BSFL could accumulate the highest protein (16 mg/larva) upon feeding with CEW containing 2.50% of exo-microbes, more lipid (13 mg/larva) was stored in employing 0.10% of exo-microbes because of minimum loss to metabolic processes while prolonging the BSFL in its 5th instar stage.
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