An efficient and a green route to synthesize phthalide-fused indoline, 3-[(5-chloro-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)methyl]
isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (3) has been developed by the coupling reaction of 5-chloro-2-methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline,
1 and 2-formylbenzoic acid, 2 under solvent-free domestic microwave irradiation. The compound was produced in 85%
yield. Compound 3 was characterized by analytical and spectral methods and its structure was confirmed by chemical
crystallography. Compound 3 was successfully crystallized in triclinic system with space group Pī. The molecular structure
consists of fused 1 and 2 groups connected by the enamine carbon. Binding study of 3 towards different types of metal
cations was done by colorimetric detection and UV-vis titrations. Compound 3 exhibited good selectivity and sensitivity
for Sn2+ compared to other metal cations tested. The stoichiometric binding ratio of 3 toward Sn2+ is found to be 1:1
and the binding constant (Ka) is 1.07×104 M–1 on the basis of Job’s plot and Benesi-Hildebrand analysis.
Andrographolide was separated from Andrographis paniculata Nees by using column chromatography and recrystallized from methanol. 1H and 13C NMR, IR, UV spectroscopic and GCMS data were in agreement with the previous report. The crystallined product has a monoclinic system with space group P21, a=6.541(1), b=8.003(1), c=17.962(2) Å and β=97.39(1)19o. The bicyclohexane fragments have a chair conformation with the methyl and the methylene hydroxyl groups occupying the axial position, while the OH and the C2-lactone are in the equatorial positions. The bond lengths and the angles are in the normal ranges. There are two intramolecular interactions of the type O-H … O and C-H …. O in the molecule. The molecule is stabilized by two interhydrogen bonds O-H … O and C-H … O to form polymeric chains parallel to b-axis.
Andrografolid telah dipisahkan daripada herba Andrographis paniculata Nees dengan kaedah kromatografi turus dan dihablur semula daripada metanol. Analisis spektroskopi RMN 1H dan 13C, 1M, UL, KGSJ bersetuju dengan laporan terdahulu. Hablur produk mempunyai sistem monoklinik dengan kumpulan ruang P21, a=6.541(1), b=8.003(1), c=I7.962(2)Å dan β =97.39(1)°. Fragmen bisikloheksana berkonformasi kerusi dengan kumpulan metil dan CH2OH mengisi kedudukan paksi. Kumpulan OH serta C2-lakton berada di kedudukan khatulistiwa. Panjang dan sudut ikatan adalah normal. Terdapat dua ikatan intrahidrogen O-H .... O dan satu C-H .. O. Molekul distabilkan oleh dua ikatan interhidrogen O-H ……O dan C-H .… O membentuk rangkaian polimer tak terhingga selari dengan paksi- b.
Gynura procumbens, locally known in Malaysia as Sambung Nyawa is a medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. G. procumbens have been traditionally used by the local and indigenous populations to treat an array of ailments ranging from skin conditions and fever to kidney disease, inflammation and diabetes. In the present investigation, aqueous and ethanol extracts of G. procumbens were evaluated for anti-plasmodial activities in vitro and in vivo. Survival of two chloroquine-sensitive strains of malarial parasites; rodent Plasmodium berghei NK65 and human Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 was determined following incubations in vitro with extracts. Based on parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay, both extracts were shown to inhibit parasite proliferation to varying degrees. The aqueous extract was more potent than the ethanol extract at suppressing growth of both parasites in vitro; each displaying IC50 values of 12.40 ± 6.02 and 14.38 ± 7.53 μg/mL towards P. berghei NK65; and 25.69 ± 4.34 and 42.23 ± 7.19 μg/mL towards P. falciparum 3D7, respectively. The aqueous extract was found to be selective for P. falciparum (Selectivity Index 64.30). Four-day suppressive tests in ICR mice showed dose-dependent chemo-suppressive activities of both plant extracts tested towards P. berghei NK65. Daily intra-peritoneal injections of the aqueous extract of G. procumbens at 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg for four consecutive days showed chemo-suppression of 50.42 ± 3.17, 65.95 ± 5.48 and 81.92 ± 3.07%, respectively. At the same dosages, the ethanol plant extract resulted in 44.97 ± 3.44, 55.21 ± 3.87 and 64.44 ± 4.05% chemo-suppression respectively. At 250 mg/kg/day, only the aqueous plant extract gave >90% chemo-suppression (93.06 ± 5.46%). Treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with extracts improved the median survival time compared to non-treated infected mice. This represents the first report showing anti-plasmodial activity of G. procumbens.
A new dipeptide, (-)-glaciantarcin (1) and three known compounds, cyclo(-Pro-Gly) (2), 1-(2-deoxypentofuranosyl)-5-
methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (3) and vidarabine (Ara-A) (4), were isolated from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12,
a cold-adapted yeast. The chemical structures were elucidated by FT-IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity
and antioxidant activities of compounds 1-4 were evaluated by using the MTT bioassay on MCF-7 (human breast cancer
cell line), PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell line) and HEK-293 (normal human embryonic kidney cell line) and DPPH
free radical scavenging activity, respectively. At concentration of 400 µM, all compounds showed the highest activity
on MCF-7, with compound 1 at 65%, compound 2 (70%), compound 3 (66%) and compound 4 (58%) cell viability. All
compounds exhibited weak antioxidant properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compounds
1-4 from Glaciozyma antactica.
Gynura procumbens, a medicinal plant locally known as Sambung nyawa, is widely used traditionally in South East Asia as a remedy to alleviate symptoms of various ailments including diabetes mellitus. Previous investigators reported that the ethanol plant extract was hypoglycemic in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and suggested the blood glucose-reducing effect could be due to G. procumbens mimicking insulin effects. Our present study aimed to reevaluate the hypoglycemic effect(s) of G. procumbens and to ascertain the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), a key component of insulin biosignaling in the plant activity. A cell-based assay showed that the three G. procumbens fractions tested did not exhibit anti-GSK3 activities. Oral administrations of hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions of G. procumbens (250 mg/kg b.w.) and Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats reduced blood glucose levels by 29.7%, 60.1%, 33.5% and 61.7% (p<0.05), respectively compared to diabetic control. Liver glycogen contents were elevated (p<0.05), following administration of the three fractions of
G. procumbens in diabetic rats when analysed after 14 days of treatment. Western blot analysis also showed GSK3β in the liver of G. procumbens fractions-treated and Glibenclamide-treated animals were phosphorylated at Ser-9. The above findings indicated that the hypoglycemic action of G. procumbens fractions resulted in the inactivation of
GSK3β in liver of diabetic rats. Since G. procumbens fractions did not exhibit GSK3 inhibitory properties, it is possible that the hypoglycemic action of the fractions observed here could be due to direct or indirect effects on upstream components of the insulin biosignaling pathway.
The big challenge for the detection of pharmaceutical residues in water samples is the type of ionization mode in
terms of positive or negative ionization which plays an important role to identify and quantify the analytes using liquid
chromatography/mass spectrometry. An analytical method was applied to analysis of gliclazide (diabetic drug) in surface
water and wastewater from sewage treatment plants and hospitals. The proposed analytical method allows simultaneous
isolation and concentration procedure using solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB) prior to separation using high-performance
liquid chromatography. The detection and confirmation was achieved by applying time-of-flight analyzer. The limits of
quantification were as low as 1.4 ng/L (deionized water), 4 ng/L (surface water), 27 ng/L (hospital influent), 10 ng/L
(hospital effluent), 6 ng/L (sewage treatment plant effluent) and 21 ng/L (sewage treatment plant influent), respectively. On
average, good recoveries of higher than 87% were obtained for gliclazide in the studied samples. The proposed method
successfully determined and quantified gliclazide in surface water and wastewater. The results showed that gliclazide
is a persistent compound in sewage treatment effluents as well as in the recipient rivers. Gliclazide was detected in all
samples and the highest concentration was 130 ng/L in influent of sewage treatment plant.