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Comparative studies on the effect of crude aqueous (CA) and solvent (CM) extracts of clove on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans

Rahim ZH, Khan HB

J Oral Sci, 2006 Sep;48(3):117-23.
PMID: 17023743

A study was conducted to compare the efficiency of crude aqueous (CA) and solvent extracts (CM) of clove on the caries-inducing properties of Streptococcus mutans. The cariogenic properties investigated included the cell adhesion, cell-surface hydrophobicity and glucan synthesis activities of S. mutans. There was a significant difference between the effect of the CA and CM extracts on the adhesion of S. mutans (P < 0.05) within a concentration range of 5-15 mg/ml, the CM extract demonstrating a slightly higher inhibitory effect. However, the effect of the CM extract on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of S. mutans was weaker than that of the CA extract. The two extracts were found to reduce the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan (WIG) by almost 50% at a concentration as low as 0.5 mg/ml and the CM extract exhibited a significantly higher inhibitory effect than the CA extract (P < 0.05). The present findings indicate that both the CA and CM extracts exert inhibitory effects on the cariogenic properties of S. mutans and that the CA extract is as equally effective as the CM extract.
Antibacterial activity of microwave synthesized hydroxyapatite against cariogenic bacteria: A preliminary study

Ibrahim AZ, Hussein AS, Said Gulam Khan HB, Ghazali N

Saudi Dent J, 2024 Aug;36(8):1117-1122.
PMID: 39176152 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.06.004

INTRODUCTION: The effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) on oral bacteria and biofilm remains inconclusive, with conflicting results. Studies assessing its effect against caries-causing bacteria are limited.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity of HA synthesized using microwave against two of the most common cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus).
METHODS: HA was chemically synthesized using a microwave. To verify the existence of the crystalline phase and the calcium and phosphate content, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were employed, respectively. Reduction in bacterial growth was used to assess the antibacterial effects of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % HA against the tested bacteria.
RESULTS: The presence of the hydroxyapatite crystallite phase was verified using XRD, while EDX revealed the Calcium to Phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio to be 1.6. In response to the 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % HA, S. mutans were reduced by 14.5 %, 15.6 %, and 23.4 %, whereas S. sobrinus decreased by 17.1 %, 60.8 %, and 98.6 %, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Microwave-synthesized HA could have antibacterial properties against caries-causing bacteria with different potencies depending on concentration and bacteria.
Fulltext In vitro study of probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus: Antibacterial effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Bakri HH, Syed Abdul Rahman SN, Abd Halim AA, Baharuddin NA, Said Gulam Khan HB, Zainal Abidin Z, et al.

PLoS One, 2025;20(8):e0329497.
PMID: 40779544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329497

Probiotics are gaining attention for their benefits as a supplement to improve oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a significant pathogen in periodontal diseases. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed using the well diffusion assay, with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) served as the positive control. Biofilm biomass was evaluated using crystal violet staining. Cell viability in P. gingivalis treated with L. helveticus was determined using the LIVE/DEAD Baclight bacterial assay via fluorescence microscopy. Ultra-morphological alterations in these cells were further examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicated that L. helveticus significantly reduced the growth of P. gingivalis. The highest concentration of 109 cells/mL achieved the most substantial inhibition in the well diffusion assay, followed by concentrations of 108 cells/mL and 107 cells/mL, which demonstrated a clear dose-dependent response. Furthermore, biofilms of P. gingivalis treated with L. helveticus exhibited a notable biomass reduction of up to 85% at the highest concentrations. LIVE/DEAD staining confirmed a decreased in cell viability among the treated populations, while FESEM analysis revealed morphological disruptions in P. gingivalis cells treated with L. helveticus. These findings suggest that L. helveticus has a potent antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis, highlighting the need for further research to identify the optimal probiotic strategies that could enhance periodontal health.

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