A stereological comparison has been made of the structure of the lungs of the adult female domestic fowl and its wild progenitor the Red Jungle Fowl. The volume of the lung per unit body weight of the domestic bird is between 20 and 33% smaller than that of the wild bird. The domestic fowl has partly compensated for this by increasing the surface area for gas exchange per unit volume of exchange tissue. However, the blood-gas tissue barrier is about 28% thicker in the domestic fowl than in the Red Jungle Fowl, and this has led to a 25% lower anatomical diffusing capacity for oxygen of the blood-gas tissue barrier per unit body weight in the domestic fowl. These structural characteristics may make the modern domestic fowl vulnerable to stress factors such as altitude, cold, heat or air pollution by predisposing to hypoxaemia and perhaps thence to ascites.
To evaluate the effect of a single 250-mg dose of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) intramuscularly as adjunct to nifedipine tocolysis in preterm labor.
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate urine microscopy, dipstick analysis and urinary symptoms in screening for urinary tract infection (UTI) in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on women at first hospitalization for HG. A clean-catch mid-stream urine sample from each recruit was sent for microscopy (for bacteria, leucocytes and erythrocytes), dipstick analysis (for leukocyte esterase, nitrites, protein and hemoglobin) and microbiological culture. The presence of current urinary symptoms was elicited by questionnaire. UTI is defined as at least 10(5) colony-forming units/mL of a single uropathogen on culture. Screening test parameters were analyzed against UTI.
RESULTS: UTI was diagnosed in 15/292 subjects (5.1%). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis of microscopic urine leucocytes revealed area under the curve=0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-0.79, P=0.063 and erythrocytes area under the curve=0.53, 95%CI 0.39-0.67, P=0.67 for UTI indicating the limited screening utility of these parameters. Microscopic bacteriuria (likelihood ratio [LR] 1.1, 95%CI 0.7-1.5) and urine dipstick leukocyte esterase (LR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1-1.8), nitrites (LR 2.3, 95%CI 0.3-17.2), protein (LR 1.0, 95%CI 0.7-1.6) and hemoglobin (LR 0.8, 95%CI 0.4-1.5) were not useful screening tests for UTI in HG. Elicited symptoms were also not predictive of UTI.
CONCLUSION: Urine microscopy, dipstick analysis and urinary symptoms were not useful in screening for UTI in HG. UTI should be established by urine culture in HG before starting antibiotic treatment.