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  1. Yap LB, Choy CN, Navin S, Koh KW, Jeyamalar R, Balachandran K
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Jan;78(1):7-13.
    PMID: 36715184
    INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery calcification can lead to suboptimal results when performing coronary angioplasty with conventional techniques. The presence of severe coronary artery calcium increases the complications of percutaneous coronary intervention as it may impede stent delivery and optimal stent expansion. The purpose of this study was to determine the procedural success and safety of orbital atherectomy (OA) in calcified lesions.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective single-centre study regarding the utility of OA in the treatment of calcified coronaries. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used in all cases to characterise the severity of calcium pre-procedure, guide vessel sizing and assess procedural success. The primary endpoint was procedural success, defined by successful stent implantation following OA treatment. The secondary endpoint was in-hospital and 30-day major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE).

    RESULTS: Ten patients with severely calcified lesions were successfully treated with OA. The primary endpoint was achieved in all patients. All of the lesions were severely calcified with concentric calcium. None of the patients suffered in-hospital or 30-day MACE. The average minimal luminal diameter at baseline was 1.7 ± 0.3 mm and the post- PCI luminal diameter was 3.0 ± 0.3 mm, with a significant luminal gain of 1.3 ± 0.3 mm (p < 0.01). Slow flow during procedure occurred in 2 (20%) cases and dissection occurred in 1 (10%) case during procedure. These were successfully treated with stent delivery to achieve TIMI III flow. There were no cases of stent thrombosis or vessel perforation.

    CONCLUSION: Our experience demonstrates the feasibility and safety of OA in the management of calcified coronary stenosis. Intravascular imaging is an important adjunct to the use of OA to assess the severity of calcified coronary lesions, success of OA treatment and to aid sizing of the vessel for stent implantation. OA is an effective treatment approach to disrupt coronary calcification, facilitating stent implantation with optimal results. It is a safe procedure with good success rate and low rate of complications.

  2. Yap LB, Choy CN, Koh KW, Kannan P, Jeyamalar R, Navin S, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Mar;78(2):139-144.
    PMID: 36988521
    INTRODUCTION: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is recommended in the use of left main stem (LMS) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Since the LMS diameter is usually larger than other coronary arteries, a new generation everolimus drug-eluting stent (DES), Synergy Megatron DES (Boston Scientific) has better axial and radial strength allowing more post implant overexpansion and consequently better suited for LMS lesions. We performed a study to evaluate the clinical outcomes of PCI using 1) an improved IVUS protocol with optimisation targets and 2) the use of Megatron stents.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a study involving LMS PCI coronary lesions using the Synergy Megatron DES. An IVUS protocol using predefined optimisation targets to evaluate for stent malapposition, longitudinal stent deformation, optimal stent expansion >90% of reference lumen and appropriate distal landing zone was used in all cases. The primary end-point was procedural success, defined by successful stent implantation with <30% residual stenosis. The secondary end-point was in-hospital and 30-day major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE).

    RESULTS: Eight patients with significant LMS stenosis were successfully treated with the Megatron stent. The primary end-point was achieved in all patients. There were no cases of stent malapposition or longitudinal stent deformation, one case did not have optimal LMS stent expansion and one case did not have an appropriate distal landing zone. IVUS optimisation criteria were met in 6 (75%) cases. There were no complications of coronary dissection, slow or no reflow, stent thrombosis or vessel perforation. None of the patients suffered in-hospital or 30-day MACE. The average LMS MLD at baseline was 2.1 ± 0.1mm and the post-PCI LMS MLD was 4.0 ± 0.5mm, with a significant acute luminal gain of 1.9 ± 0.7mm (p<0.01). A post-PCI MSA of 17 ± 3.9 mm2 was numerically superior compared to those documented in other LMS PCI trials.

    CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates low rates of shortterm major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with LMS PCI using the Megatron stents. It highlights the usefulness of IVUS-guided optimisation in LMS PCI. With the use of intravascular imaging, the new generation stent technology can improve the treatment of large proximal vessels and PCI of LMS lesions.

  3. Yap SH, Ng YP, Roslan A, Kolanthaivelu J, Koh KW, P'ng HS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 12;72(6):360-364.
    PMID: 29308774 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia with significant morbidity and mortality in relation to thromboembolic stroke. Our study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dabigatran in stroke prevention in elderly patient with nonvalvular AF with regard to the risk of ischemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in real-world setting.

    METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 200 patients on dabigatran and warfarin from January 2009 till September 2016 was carried out. Data were collected for 100 patients on dabigatran and 100 patients on warfarin.

    RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 340.7±322.3 days for dabigatran group and 410.5±321.2 days for warfarin group. The mean time in therapeutic range (TTR) was 52±18.7%. The mean CHA2DS2 -VASc score for dabigatran group was 4.4±1.1 while 5.0±1.5 for warfarin group. None in dabigatran group experienced ischemic stroke compared to one patient in warfarin group (p=0.316). There was one patient in dabigatran group suffered from ICH compared to none in warfarin group (p=0.316). Four patients in warfarin group experienced minor bleeding, while none from dabigatran group (p=0.043).

    CONCLUSION: Overall bleeding events were significantly lower in dabigatran group compared to warfarin group. In the presence of suboptimal TTR rates and inconveniences with warfarin therapy, non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are the preferred agents for stroke prevention in elderly Asian patients for nonvalvular AF.

  4. Diaz AB, Chow J, Hoo FK, Koh KW, Lee GCK, Teo WS, et al.
    Drugs Context, 2023;12.
    PMID: 37711730 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2023-3-3
    Edoxaban, a once-daily, direct-acting oral anticoagulant, is approved to prevent stroke or systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and treat venous thromboembolism. The clinical benefit of edoxaban for stroke prevention in Asian patients with NVAF has been demonstrated in clinical and real-world studies. We share early clinical experiences with once-daily edoxaban and discuss its evidence-based use in patients with NVAF in Southeast Asia through several cases of patients at high risk, including frail patients, elderly patients with multiple comorbidities and patients with increased bleeding risk. These cases demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of once-daily edoxaban in patients with NVAF in Southeast Asia.
  5. Yap LB, Eng DT, Sivalingam L, Rusani BI, Umadevan D, Muhammad Z, et al.
    Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2016 Nov;22(8):792-797.
    PMID: 25962393 DOI: 10.1177/1076029615584664
    BACKGROUND: The Asian population with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a higher risk of stroke than the caucasian population and a higher risk of intracranial bleeding when anticoagulated with warfarin. There are few real-world studies comparing the efficacy of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and warfarin among Asian patients to assess its outcomes of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
    METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 1000 patients on dabigatran and warfarin from 2009 to 2013.
    RESULTS: Data were available for 500 patients on dabigatran and 500 patients on warfarin. The average follow-up duration was 315 ± 280 days in the dabigatran group and 355 ± 232 in the warfarin group. The time in therapeutic range (TTR) was 53.2% in the warfarin-treated group, with 32.8% of patients in the subtherapeutic international normalized ratio range of <2. None of the patients in the dabigatran group had ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) compared to 4 (0.8%) patients in the warfarin group, hazard ratio (HR) 0.13, P = .3. There was 1 (0.2%) patient in both dabigatran and warfarin groups with hemorrhagic CVA (HR 1.16, P = .92). There were 3 (0.6%) patients with major bleeding in the dabigatran group compared to 2 (0.4%) patients in the warfarin group (HR 1.57, P = .59).
    CONCLUSION: There were similar rates of efficacy for outcomes of ischemic CVA, hemorrhagic CVA, and bleeding when comparing dabigatran with warfarin. Our study shows that despite similar efficacy, suboptimal TTR rates and inconveniences with warfarin demonstrate that NOACs are preferred for stroke prevention in AF.
    KEYWORDS: dabigatran; non-valvular atrial fibrillation; novel anticoagulant; stroke prevention; warfarin
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