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  1. Leanne Britcher, Sunil Kumar, Hans J. Griesser, Kim S. Siow
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1913-1922.
    In this report, we demonstrate that continuous improvement in XPS instruments and the calibration standards as well
    as analysis with standard component-fitting procedures can be used to determine the binding energies of compounds
    containing phosphorus and sulfur of different oxidation states with higher confidence. Based on such improved XPS
    analyses, the binding energies (BEs) of S2p signals for sulfur of increasing oxidation state are determined to be 166-167.5
    eV for S=O in dimethyl sulfoxide, 168.1 eV for S=O2
    in polysulfone, 168.4 eV for SO3
    in polystyrene sulfonate and 168.8
    eV for SO4
    in chondroitin sulfate. The BEs of P2p signals show the following values: 132.9 eV for PO3
    in triisopropyl
    phosphite, 133.3 eV for PO4
    in glycerol phosphate, 133.5 eV for PO4
    in sodium tripolyphosphate and 134.0 eV for PO4
    in sodium hexametaphosphate. These results showed that there are only small increases in the binding energy when
    additional oxygen atoms are added to the S-O chemical group. A similar result is obtained when the fourth oxygen or
    poly-phosphate environment is added to the phosphorus compound. These BE values are useful to researchers involved
    in identifying oxidation states of phosphorus and sulfur atoms commonly observed on modified surfaces and interfaces
    found in applications such as biomaterials, super-capacitors and catalysis.
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