MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis, clinical data, including clinical staging, Computed Tomography (CT) scan findings and histopathological results were collected and analysed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Ampang, Ministry of Health Malaysia.

RESULTS: A total of 31 patients had surgery for CC from 1st August 2018 till 31st August 2020. Radical hysterectomy was done on 23 of them as primary treatment for early stage cervical cancer. Both pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection was done in 6 patients while 17 patients had only pelvic lymph node dissection. All patients had thoracoabdomino- pelvic CT scans done preoperatively. Among the 82.6% patients with no enlarged pelvic lymph nodes on CT scan, all were confirmed by histology to be negative of malignancy. In the remainder 17.4% of patients with enlarged pelvic nodes on CT scan, three quarters had histology positive pelvic nodes for malignancy (p=0.002). Among patients with no enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes on CT scan, 83.3% had histologically negative para-aortic nodes. Among patients with clinical tumour diameter 2- 3.9 cm, 14.3% had positive pelvic nodes while a quarter of patients with clinical tumour diameter ≥ 4cm had histological positive pelvic nodes. None of the patients with tumour diameter < 2cm had positive pelvic nodes (p=0.993). Positive pelvic lymph nodes involvement was present in 37.5% of those with positive lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI). All patients with negative LVSI had no histological positive pelvic nodes (p=0.103). Among patients with tumour invasion involving the inner third of the stroma, 16.7% had histological positive pelvic nodes while 18.2% with outer third stromal invasion had positive nodes (p=0.977). None of the patients had histologically positive para-aortic lymph nodes with negative pelvic lymph nodes. Among patients with clinical stage 1B2, 20% would have been upstaged to stage 3C based on radiological imaging and final histology confirmation.

METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted from 15th January 2022 till 15th October 2022 at Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Melaka. Subjects with clinical dermatomycoses were included in this study. The samples were collected from skin, nails and hairs clinically affected by tinea corporis/cruris/pedis, onychomycosis and tinea capitis respectively. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) study was performed on the sample in which the fungal hyphae/yeast positive subjects were sent for fungal culture and fungal PCR test.

RESULT: A total of 222 clinical samples from skin, nails and hairs with a clinical suspicion of dermatomycoses yielded fungal hyphae/yeast in KOH. Majority of the samples were collected from skin (138, 62.2%), followed by nails (65, 29.3%) and hairs (19, 8.6%). Male to female ratio was 1.18: 1. The age ranged from 2 to 87 with the median of 55.5-yearsold. Out of 222 samples, 150 (67.6%) were fungal culture positive. From fungal culture positive samples, 87 samples were from tinea corporis, 50 samples were from onychomycoses and 13 samples were from tinea capitis. Trichophyton rubrum (39, 44.8%) was the commonest dermatophyte isolated in tinea corporis/cruris/pedis. Nondermatophyte moulds (NDM, 35, 70%) were the main fungi isolated in onychomycosis. Microsporum canis (7/53.8%) was the principal causative fungus among patients with tinea capitis. Among 150 fungal culture positive samples, 76 were fungal PCR positive. Only 38 samples consistently isolated same fungal species in both fungal culture and PCR test.