K.alvarezii is a macro algae that claimed to have beneficial effect on reducing risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study investigated the effects of K. alvarezii on the histology of the heart in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic induced rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal, negative control, positive control (Captopril 30mg/kg + Simvastatin 2 mg/kg), 5% and 10% K. alvarezii. All groups were fed with NaCl-high fat diet (NaCl-HFD) for 6 weeks except the normal group and treated for 4 weeks after the induction period. The body weight, blood pressure and total cholesterol were measured on week 0, 6 and 10. Body weight, blood pressure and total cholesterol was significantly increased after induction period compared to normal group (p
What is the topic of this review? This review briefly considers what modulates sympathetic nerve activity and how it may change as we age or in pathological conditions. It then focuses on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, a method of neuromodulation in autonomic cardiovascular control. What advances does it highlight? The review considers the pathways involved in eliciting the changes in autonomic balance seen with transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in relationship to other neuromodulatory techniques. The autonomic nervous system, consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, is a major contributor to the maintenance of cardiovascular variables within homeostatic limits. As we age or in certain pathological conditions, the balance between the two branches changes such that sympathetic activity is more dominant, and this change in dominance is negatively correlated with prognosis in conditions such as heart failure. We have shown that non-invasive stimulation of the tragus of the ear increases parasympathetic activity and reduces sympathetic activity and that the extent of this effect is correlated with the baseline cardiovascular parameters of different subjects. The effects could be attributable to activation of the afferent branch of the vagus and, potentially, other sensory nerves in that region. This indicates that tragus stimulation may be a viable treatment in disorders where autonomic activity to the heart is compromised.