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  1. Epigenetic programming of macrophages across inflammatory and malignant diseases
    Mohammad SI, Owida HA, Vasudevan A, Ballal S, Alshdaifat N, Akberzeda A, et al.
    Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2026 Mar;399(5):6165-6188.
    PMID: 41288679 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-025-04758-9
    Macrophage polarization has been known as a critical step in balancing inflammatory responses by creating a balanced plasticity between M1 and M2 macrophages, which act as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, respectively. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to play a vital role in polarization, identifying them as possible contributors and therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and other associated conditions. In this regard, isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) can selectively alter macrophage polarization, thereby overcoming the limitations of pan-HDAC inhibitors and offering therapeutic advantages. Moreover, combining HDAC inhibitors with other therapies has emerged as a promising approach, especially in cancer; however, further studies should determine the specificity of HDAC inhibitors as well as address possible problems in optimizing the bioavailability and reducing off-target effects and cytotoxicity to translate these results into practical therapeutic plans for disorders associated with inflammation.
  2. Anemia in Asian children: trends in the prevalence, etiology and analysis of geographic inequalities
    Sharif N, Neyazi A, Khatib MN, Baldaniya L, Ballal S, Kavita V, et al.
    World J Pediatr, 2025 Apr;21(4):396-405.
    PMID: 40257723 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-025-00897-4
    BACKGROUND: Pediatric anemia is a pervasive public health issue in Asia, significantly impairing children's growth, cognitive development, and future potential. This study evaluates trends, prevalence, and socio-economic disparities of pediatric anemia across Asia from 1990 to 2021, leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 study.

    METHODS: Using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Pearson's correlation coefficient, geographic variations and temporal trends were analysed alongside associations between prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and Socio-demographic index (SDI).

    RESULTS: The study reveals a modest overall decline in anemia prevalence by 11.9%, from 464.53 million cases in 1990 to 409.07 million in 2021. High-SDI regions such as East Asia achieved significant reductions (- 71.36%), with countries like Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Seychelles, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) showing substantial progress. In stark contrast, low-SDI countries, including Yemen (108.34%) and Afghanistan (130.28%), along with Cambodia, India, and Pakistan, experienced alarming increases. Dietary iron deficiency was the dominant cause, followed by hemoglobinopathies and neglected tropical diseases. Females, particularly adolescents, and children under five faced disproportionate burdens, with prevalence rates in low-SDI regions exceeding 47,000 per 100,000 compared to 

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