METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 120 Indonesian undergraduate nursing students aged 21-23 years. Social media addiction and self-efficacy were assessed using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple linear regression.
RESULTS: The mean social media addiction score was 19.11 (standard deviation=2.11), and the mean self-efficacy score was 24.60 (standard deviation=4.20). Self-efficacy showed a weak but statistically significant negative correlation with social media addiction (r=-.21, p=.022). Sociodemographic predictors entered in Step 1 of the hierarchical regression analysis explained 7.3% of the variance in social media addiction (R2=.073). Sex was a significant predictor (β=-0.19, p=.038), with male students reporting lower scores than female reference group. The final model explained 10.8% of the variance in social media addiction (R2=.108; F(5, 114)=2.77, p=.021).
CONCLUSION: Higher self-efficacy was weakly associated with lower social media addiction. Given the limited variance explained and the omission of other well-established correlates of social media addiction, these findings do not support general self-efficacy as a standalone protective mechanism.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence and disability burden of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa-and mortality attributable to anorexia nervosa-from 1990 to 2023, and to forecast prevalence to 2050.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 methods, data were synthesized from systematic literature reviews, population surveys, and vital registration systems. Estimates were produced for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. These data were analyzed from October 2025 to August 2026.
EXPOSURE: Anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa diagnosis.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Counts and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and anorexia nervosa mortality, reported by age, sex, and location.
RESULTS: In 2023, an estimated 18.1 million people (95% UI, 13.9-24.0) globally were living with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, of whom 12.6 million (69.4%) were female, 5.5 million were male (30.6%), and 41.2% were aged 10 to 24 years. These cases accounted for 3.83 million DALYs (95% UI, 2.23-5.69). Since 1990, the global number of prevalent cases increased by 71.0%, while age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates rose by about 21%. Females experienced substantially higher prevalence and DALY rates than males. The highest age-standardized prevalence rates were observed in high-income regions, particularly Australasia and Western Europe, whereas the largest relative increases in age-standardized prevalence occurred in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Forecasts indicate continued increases in prevalent cases through 2050.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This GBD 2023 analysis found that anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa contribute substantially to global nonfatal health loss. These findings support the integration of eating disorders into mental health surveillance, prevention, and service planning worldwide.