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Global Burden of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Analysis

Bai R 1 , Dong W 2 , Wang X 3 , Zhang A 4 , Santomauro DF 5 , GBD Eating Disorders Collaborators Show all authors , Aalruz H 6 , Abiodun O 7 , Aboagye RG 8 , Aboshanab KM 9 , Abreu LG 10 , Abu Lila AS 11 , Abukhadijah HJ 12 , Abu-Mahfouz MS 13 , Adamu NL 14 , Adebiyi BO 15 , Adekola SA 16 , Adesina MA 17 , Adewuyi HO 18 , Adhanu AK 19 , Adonteng-Kissi O 20 , Agordoh PD 21 , Agordoh SW 22 , Agostinis Sobrinho C 23 , Ahmad AMR 24 , Ahmad K 25 , Ahmed A 26 , Ahmed MF 27 , Ahmed S 28 , Ajele KW 29 , Akeju OO 30 , Akinmade OV 31 , Akosile W 32 , Akrami AE 33 , Al Athamneh A 34 , Al Awaidy S 35 , Al Maghaireh DF 36 , Al Omari O 37 , Al Zoubi MAM 38 , Alam MK 39 , Alammar MA 40 , Al-Anzi SMF 41 , Albashtawy M 42 , Aldhahir AM 43 , Alemayehu BA 44 , Alhalabi B 45 , Alhalaiqa FN 46 , Alhawajreh MJ 47 , Alhumaidi A 48 , Ali AN 49 , Ali MU 50 , Alinejad Rokny H 51 , Al-Jabi SW 52 , Alkhatib A 53 , Alkubati SA 54 , Al-Marwani S 55 , Almazan JU 56 , Al-Raddadi RM 57 , Alsaif B 58 , Alsharari AF 59 , Alshawish E 60 , Altaany Z 61 , Altwaijri Y 62 , Aman Mohammadi M 63 , Amin TT 64 , Amugsi DA 65 , Anil A 66 , Anil Kumar AHS 67 , Anjana P 68 , Anyasodor AE 69 , Arabi H 70 , Aravkin AY 71 , Areda D 72 , Arias de la Torre J 73 , Armocida B 74 , Arnone D 75 , Arruda GA 76 , Arystan N 77 , Ásgeirsdóttir BB 78 , Ashraf SA 79 , Asiamah-Asare BKY 80 , Atoyebi SB 81 , Atra YA 82 , Ayala CO 83 , Ayuso-Mateos JL 84 , Azzam EMS 85 , B S 86 , Bai-Sesay AU 87 , Balcha WF 44 , Balhara YPS 88 , Balmori-de-la-Miyar J 89 , Balogun OJ 90 , Bani Hani S 91 , Bano F 92 , Barker-Collo SL 93 , Barrow A 94 , Bashir MI 95 , Bashir S 96 , Bashir S 97 , Bashiri A 98 , Bastan MM 99 , Batra K 100 , Beeraka NM 101 , Belancic A 102 , Tune SNBK 103 , Bhadiyadra MS 68 , Bhaskar S 104 , Bhattacharya S 105 , Bisignano C 5 , Bizzozero-Peroni B 106 , Bodur M 107 , Botero-Carvajal A 108 , Breazu A 109 , Busari AO 110 , C S 111 , C J S 112 , Campos-Nonato I 113 , Carvalho S 114 , Castelpietra G 115 , Cembranel F 116 , Chadwick J 117 , Chandika RM 118 , Chandradasa M 119 , Chang Y 120 , Chen H 121 , Choi DW 122 , Choi YJ 123 , Chung S 124 , Cicero AFG 125 , Cioffi I 126 , Clark CCT 127 , Cortese S 128 , Cosentini I 129 , Cosma C 130 , Cruz-Martins N 131 , Cuenca-Martínez F 132 , Dadras O 133 , Dagli N 134 , Dahiya N 135 , Dai X 5 , Dang NB 136 , Darunde RR 137 , Darwesh AM 138 , de la Torre-Luque A 139 , Deekonda S 140 , Derseh HA 141 , Devnath N 142 , Din S 51 , Dönicke J 143 , Dumbili EW 144 , Durmus H 145 , Eboreime E 146 , Ebrahimian Sadabad F 147 , Eddula VR 148 , Elbarazi I 149 , Elhoumed M 150 , ElNahas G 151 , Elnour AA 152 , Elrggal ME 153 , Metwally El-Sayed M 154 , Eltahawy AS 155 , Emesobum MA 156 , Esomchi CN 157 , Fagbamigbe AF 158 , Fakih N 159 , Faris ME 160 , Faro A 161 , Ashfaq F 162 , Fekih-Romdhane F 163 , Filippini T 164 , Finnemore A 165 , Finnemore Capon Diaz SC 166 , Fischer F 167 , Fogacci F 168 , Forner Álvarez C 169 , Fusar-Poli P 170 , Galali Y 171 , Ganiyu KO 172 , Garlasco J 173 , Gebre TS 174 , Gerami Matin A 175 , Getacher L 176 , Ghafoury R 177 , Ghamkhar A 178 , Gharaibeh L 179 , Ghoba S 5 , Gholami E 180 , Gholami Z 181 , Gialluisi A 182 , Giannouli V 183 , Gilani SA 184 , Gökulu G 185 , Golechha M 186 , Golmohammadi M 187 , Gu C 188 , Gulati S 189 , Gutiérrez B 190 , Habteyesus A 191 , Hallit S 192 , Hamarasool FO 193 , Haq MA 194 , Haro JM 195 , Has EMM 196 , Hasan T 197 , Haslam DM 198 , Hasnain MS 199 , Hay SI 5 , Hendy A 200 , Hoek HW 201 , Hong Y 202 , Hoogar P 203 , Hossain MS 204 , Hossain SB 205 , Hosseinzadeh M 138 , Htay MNN 206 , Husain W 207 , Ibitoye SE 208 , Ibrahim FM 209 , Ibrahim R 210 , Abbasi AI 211 , Iqbal D 212 , Iqbal M 213 , Islam MM 204 , Islam MS 214 , Islam MS 215 , Ispriantari A 216 , Iyiola OA 217 , Jabbarinejad R 218 , Jacob J 219 , Jahrami H 220 , Jaka S 221 , Jamal A 222 , Jayapal SK 223 , Jayasinghe YA 224 , Joy GV 225 , Jozwiak JJ 226 , Juweid ME 227 , K HS 228 , Kalra S 229 , Kang K 230 , Kantipudi SJ 231 , Karakasis P 232 , Karnam RP 233 , Kawafha MM 234 , Khacharem A 235 , Khader YS 236 , Khalid S 237 , Khalifeh AH 238 , Khalique N 239 , Khan AA 97 , Khan IW 240 , Khan MI 241 , Khan R 242 , Khan Z 243 , Khasbage SU 66 , Khezeli M 244 , Khoshvaght P 245 , Khotimah FH 246 , Khubchandani J 247 , Kieling C 248 , Kim J 249 , Kondlahalli SKM 250 , Koomson I 251 , Kotsis K 252 , Koul A 253 , Kuan G 254 , Kumah E 255 , Kumar C 256 , Kumar M 257 , Kumar P 258 , Kumar R 259 , Kumar S 260 , Kurpas D 261 , Kusuma D 262 , Lajunen T 263 , Laksono AD 264 , Lasrado S 265 , Latif A 266 , Le LK 267 , Lee HL 268 , Lee SW 269 , Leon-Rojas JE 270 , Li M 271 , Li Z 272 , Lian Y 273 , Liaqat A 274 , Liu Y 275 , Llanaj E 276 , Lopatkina M 277 , López-Gil JF 278 , Luo P 279 , Lushchak O 280 , Lytvyak E 281 , Ma ZF 282 , Mahmood NH 283 , Mahmoud IF 34 , Malkamu B 284 , Mary JJF 285 , Mashudi S 286 , Mathur N 287 , Mattiello R 288 , Mattoo KA 289 , Mazzola G 290 , Mbachu CNP 291 , McGrath JJ 292 , Medina JRC 293 , Mehboob K 237 , Mehboob R 294 , Mehta V 295 , Meto TM 296 , Melariri H 297 , Memon AR 298 , Merlino G 299 , Mestrovic T 5 , Miller PA 5 , Miller TR 300 , Minervini G 301 , Ming LC 302 , Mitra T 67 , Mohamed FI 303 , Mohamed FAEE 118 , Mohammed M 304 , Mohammed Z 305 , Moin A 11 , Mokdad AH 5 , Molinaro S 306 , Monasta L 307 , Morgan AK 308 , Mosaddeghi-Heris R 309 , Mostafa MS 204 , Mughal F 310 , Murray CJL 5 , Muthusamy S 311 , Myung W 312 , Nalabothu P 313 , Naqvi R 51 , Nargus S 314 , Naureen Z 184 , Nguyen CT 315 , Nguyen T 316 , Nigatu YT 317 , Niranjan V 318 , Nkemjika S 319 , Nnyanzi LA 320 , Nouri M 321 , Nzoputam CI 322 , Nzoputam OJ 323 , Okereke P 324 , Olabisi OI 325 , Olagunju AT 326 , Olorunlana A 327 , Ordak M 328 , Ostojic SM 329 , Otekunrin OA 330 , Othman MS 331 , Ozsahin I 332 , Paija DM 68 , Palma-Alvarez RF 333 , Paramashanti BA 334 , Pardhan S 335 , Parikh RR 336 , Park C 337 , Parmar A 338 , Patel BU 68 , Patel M 339 , Patil A 340 , Patil S 341 , Pennisi F 342 , Pereira MO 343 , Perna S 126 , Pham HQ 344 , Porntavetus T 345 , Porru F 346 , Porwal A 289 , Pourghazi F 347 , Puvvula J 348 , Qi X 349 , Qur'aniati N 350 , Radojcic MR 351 , Raggi A 352 , Raghav YS 353 , Rahman M 354 , Rahmawaty S 355 , Rajha H 356 , Rajpoot PL 357 , Rakhymbayev NA 358 , Ramadan MM 359 , Ramadhan K 360 , Rao R 361 , Ravi D 362 , Rawaf S 363 , Rehman A 51 , Rehman W 357 , Rizvi MR 364 , Rolfzen ML 365 , Romadlon DS 366 , Ronfani L 307 , Saddik BA 367 , Sadeghi E 368 , Sadek B 369 , Saeed RF 370 , Sagar R 338 , Saghazadeh A 371 , Sagoe D 372 , Saheb Sharif-Askari N 373 , Sahin Bodur G 374 , Sahni V 375 , Sahu BK 376 , Sakshaug JW 377 , Salaroli LB 378 , Saleh MA 379 , Salum GA 380 , Sankararaman S 381 , Saravanan A 66 , Saylan M 382 , Sethi Y 383 , Shaalan Y 384 , Shaban-Nejad A 385 , Shaharudin S 254 , Shahid SMA 386 , Shahini E 387 , Shahwan MJ 388 , Shaikh MA 55 , Shamim MA 66 , Shamsutdinova A 389 , Shan D 390 , Sharif S 391 , Sharifan A 392 , Sharma G 340 , Sharma K 393 , Sharma S 340 , Sheikh NA 394 , Shetty PK 395 , Shirali PA 396 , Shirazi S 397 , Shokouhifar M 245 , Shomuyiwa DO 398 , Siddique MKB 399 , Siddiqui AJ 222 , Singh A 253 , Singh H 400 , Singh JA 401 , Singh J 338 , Singh PS 253 , Singh S 402 , Singh V 403 , Sridharan K 404 , Stanculescu E 405 , Stokes MA 406 , Stubbs B 407 , Sullman MJM 408 , Sultana M 409 , Tabarés-Seisdedos R 410 , Tabche C 363 , Taha ZM 411 , Taheri N 412 , Tampa M 413 , Tan J 414 , Tan KA 415 , Tao H 416 , Tayarani-Najaran MH 417 , Tekola A 418 , Temsah R 419 , Teramoto M 420 , Thapar R 421 , Trabelsi K 422 , Tran Minh Duc N 423 , Trico D 424 , Tromans SJ 425 , Tsermpini E 426 , Tufail T 427 , Tuglo LS 428 , Sambo AU 429 , Vadakkethil Radhakrishnan R 219 , Vally Z 430 , Van Der Walt G 431 , Vanneste S 432 , Verma AK 433 , Vigezzi GP 434 , Vikram V 435 , Almeida von Humboldt S 436 , Wang S 437 , Wang X 438 , Wang Y 420 , Wickramasinghe ND 439 , Williams F 440 , Wirtu GK 441 , Wonde TE 442 , Yamada N 443 , Yang H 444 , Yano Y 445 , Yergaliyev KA 446 , Yesodharan R 447 , Yismaw YE 448 , Yon DK 449 , Yonemoto N 450 , Zafar MS 451 , Zamagni G 307 , Zarea K 452 , Zargar S 453 , Zastrozhin M 454 , Zawiah M 455 , Zeru EM 456 , Zhang Z 457 , Zyoud SH 52

Affiliations 

  • 1 Evidence-Based Research Center of Social Science and Health, School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
  • 2 School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
  • 3 Department of Science and Technology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
  • 4 Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
  • 5 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 6 Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 7 Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
  • 8 Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 9 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 10 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 11 Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 12 Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 13 Department of Nursing, Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  • 14 Department of Nursing Science, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria
  • 15 Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  • 16 Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 17 Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 18 Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 19 Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
  • 20 School of Arts and Social Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia
  • 21 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 22 Operations Department, World Vision, Kete Krachi, Ghana
  • 23 SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  • 24 Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 25 King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 26 Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 27 Department of Health Sciences and Informatics, Bangladesh Institute of Innovative Health Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 28 Department of Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 29 Social Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
  • 30 College of Integrated Health Sciences, Health Policy, Management and Behavior, University at Albany, Albany, New York
  • 31 University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • 32 Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 33 Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
  • 34 Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
  • 35 Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  • 36 College of Nursing, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, AlBukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
  • 37 Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 38 School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston
  • 39 Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  • 40 Department of Family Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  • 41 School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • 42 Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  • 43 Respiratory Therapy Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 44 Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 45 School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  • 46 College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 47 School of Health Sciences, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 48 Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen
  • 49 Hawler Medical University, College of Nursing, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 50 Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  • 51 Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 52 Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  • 53 College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • 54 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 55 Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan
  • 56 Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 57 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 58 Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 59 College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  • 60 Dean of the Faculty of Nursing, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  • 61 Yarmouk University, Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
  • 62 Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 63 Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  • 64 Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 65 Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 66 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 67 Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India
  • 68 Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India
  • 69 Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  • 70 Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 71 Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 72 College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, Arizona
  • 73 Care in Long Term Conditions Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 74 Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
  • 75 College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 76 School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
  • 77 Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 78 Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 79 Department of Food Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
  • 80 Department of Deakin Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 81 School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 82 Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 83 Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 84 Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
  • 85 Chemistry Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 86 School of Public Health, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 87 Research and Scientific Division, Ministry of Health, Free Town, Sierra Leone
  • 88 National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 89 Anahuac Business School, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 90 Department of Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 91 Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan
  • 92 Biochemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 93 School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 94 Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
  • 95 Faculty of Pharmacy, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 96 Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 97 University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 98 Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 99 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 100 Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas
  • 101 Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 102 Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
  • 103 BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 104 Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 105 Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  • 106 Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 107 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
  • 108 Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
  • 109 Department of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 110 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
  • 111 Division of Allied Health Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
  • 112 JSS Dental College & Hospital, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  • 113 Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 114 Psychological Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  • 115 Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  • 116 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 117 Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  • 118 Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 119 Department of Psychiatry, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
  • 120 Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
  • 121 Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia
  • 122 Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
  • 123 Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, South Korea
  • 124 Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station
  • 125 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 126 Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 127 School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • 128 School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  • 129 Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
  • 130 Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 131 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  • 132 Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 133 Center for Immigrant and Refugee Health, Public Health Institute, Los Angeles, California
  • 134 Karnavati University, Karnavati Scientific Research Centre, Gandhinagar, India
  • 135 Division of Delivery Research/Implementation Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
  • 136 General Planning Department, Sun Group International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 137 Faculty of Health Sciences, JSPM University, Pune, India
  • 138 International Center for Materials Sciences and Technology, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  • 139 Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Complutense University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
  • 140 Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
  • 141 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 142 Joseph J. Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
  • 143 Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
  • 144 School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  • 145 Department of Public Health, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
  • 146 Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  • 147 Neurology Department, University of Connecticut, Hartford
  • 148 Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Chittoor, Chittoor, India
  • 149 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 150 National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania
  • 151 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 152 College of Pharmacy, Al ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 153 College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • 154 Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 155 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt
  • 156 School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno
  • 157 Department of Human Anatomy, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo Eno, Nigeria
  • 158 Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 159 School of Dental Medicine, BAU International University Batumi, Batumi, Georgia, Batumi, Georgia
  • 160 Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
  • 161 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
  • 162 College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 163 Department of Psychiatry Ibn Omrane, Razi Hospital, University Tunis El Manar, Manouba, Tunisia
  • 164 Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
  • 165 Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
  • 166 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 167 Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  • 168 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 169 Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 170 Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 171 Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  • 172 Food Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 173 Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
  • 174 Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • 175 School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC
  • 176 Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  • 177 Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 178 Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  • 179 Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan
  • 180 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis
  • 181 Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
  • 182 Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy
  • 183 School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
  • 184 Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  • 185 Department of Pediatrics, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Türkiye
  • 186 Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  • 187 School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 188 Department of Gastroenterology, Cangnan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, China
  • 189 Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 190 School of Dentistry, University of the Valley, Cali, Colombia
  • 191 Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Arlington, Virginia
  • 192 School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
  • 193 Department of Statistics and Informatics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  • 194 Department of Computer and Information Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
  • 195 Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
  • 196 Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 197 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
  • 198 School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 199 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
  • 200 Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  • 201 Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 202 School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
  • 203 School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
  • 204 Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  • 205 Department of Public Health, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram, Bangladesh
  • 206 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 207 Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 208 Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 209 Nursing Faculty, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 210 Nursing Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Madinat Zayed, United Arab Emirates
  • 211 Department of Clinical Medicine, Wahat Al Shifa Medical Center, Madinah Al Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
  • 212 Onaizah Colleges, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
  • 213 Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 214 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 215 Department of Public Health, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 216 Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia
  • 217 Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  • 218 Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 219 College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 220 College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 221 Department of Behavioral Health, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York
  • 222 Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 223 The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, Muscat, Oman
  • 224 Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 225 Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 226 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  • 227 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 228 Department of Pathology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  • 229 Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India
  • 230 Department of Medical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 231 Department of Psychiatry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
  • 232 Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 233 School of Management (Hospital and Health Care Management), The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
  • 234 Department of Basic Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  • 235 College of Sport Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 236 Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 237 Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 238 Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
  • 239 R & D Department, RANI Omico-informatics Feeds and Pharmaceuticals (PVT) Limited, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 240 Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, Pennsylvania
  • 241 Department of Basic Health Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  • 242 Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  • 243 Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom
  • 244 Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 245 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
  • 246 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Semarang, Indonesia
  • 247 Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
  • 248 Instituto de Pesquisa, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 249 Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 250 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  • 251 Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 252 Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
  • 253 Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India
  • 254 School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 255 Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana
  • 256 Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
  • 257 Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York City
  • 258 Bilawal Medical College, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  • 259 Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 260 Medicine and Surgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 261 Division of Research Methodology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  • 262 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 263 Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  • 264 Department of Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 265 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 266 University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 267 Health Economics Division, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 268 Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
  • 269 Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  • 270 Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
  • 271 Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
  • 272 School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  • 273 Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
  • 274 Clinical Sciences, Shaqra University, Sharqa, Saudi Arabia
  • 275 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
  • 276 Faculty of Medicine OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  • 277 B. Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 278 School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
  • 279 School of Medicine, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
  • 280 Department of Science, Kyiv School of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
  • 281 Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  • 282 Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 283 Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 284 College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  • 285 Department of Community Medicine, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India
  • 286 Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Ponorogo, Indonesia
  • 287 Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
  • 288 Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 289 Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 290 Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  • 291 Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
  • 292 Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 293 National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  • 294 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
  • 295 Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  • 296 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 297 School of Medicine, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
  • 298 Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad), Pakistan
  • 299 Medical Area Department, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 300 College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint
  • 301 Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
  • 302 School of Pharmacy, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
  • 303 Graduate School, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
  • 304 Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 305 Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
  • 306 Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  • 307 Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  • 308 Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
  • 309 Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 310 Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 311 Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
  • 312 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 313 Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  • 314 University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 315 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
  • 316 Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 317 Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • 318 School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
  • 319 Public Health, Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • 320 Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
  • 321 Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 322 Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  • 323 Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  • 324 Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria
  • 325 College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
  • 326 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  • 327 Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria
  • 328 Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
  • 329 Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 330 Department of Agribusiness, Federal University of Agriculture and Development Studies, Iragbiji, Nigeria
  • 331 College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 332 Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Türkiye
  • 333 Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  • 334 Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 335 Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 336 Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • 337 Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore
  • 338 Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 339 Department of Computer Science and Bioscience, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
  • 340 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  • 341 College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
  • 342 Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
  • 343 Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 344 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 345 Department of Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 346 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • 347 Division of Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 348 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • 349 Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York City
  • 350 Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 351 Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
  • 352 UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità (The Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy
  • 353 Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 354 Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  • 355 Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  • 356 College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 357 Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 358 School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 359 Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 360 Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia
  • 361 Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College, Bengaluru, India
  • 362 Department of Psychiatry, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  • 363 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 364 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Santosh (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India
  • 365 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • 366 Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 367 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 368 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 369 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 370 Department of Biological Science, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • 371 Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 372 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 373 Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 374 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Türkiye
  • 375 Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 376 Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
  • 377 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  • 378 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
  • 379 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 380 Department of Global Initiatives, Child Mind Institute, New York City, New York
  • 381 Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 382 Psychiatry Clinic, Holy Savior Armenian Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • 383 Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
  • 384 College of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
  • 385 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis
  • 386 University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 387 National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
  • 388 Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 389 Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 390 Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  • 391 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 392 Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
  • 393 Division of Physical Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India
  • 394 Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  • 395 Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 396 Department of Physiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 397 Department of Orthodontics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 398 Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University System of Georgia, Athens
  • 399 TMSS Nursing College, Bogura, TMSS Grand Health Sector, Bogura, Bangladesh, Bogura, Bangladesh
  • 400 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
  • 401 School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
  • 402 Mehta Family School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
  • 403 Internal Medicine Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  • 404 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 405 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 406 Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  • 407 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy., Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 408 Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  • 409 Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 410 Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 411 Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  • 412 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
  • 413 Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 414 Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  • 415 Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
  • 416 Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
  • 417 University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
  • 418 School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 419 College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 420 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 421 Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 422 High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
  • 423 Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Vietnam
  • 424 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
  • 425 Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  • 426 Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
  • 427 College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
  • 428 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Group, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  • 429 Department of Psychiatry, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
  • 430 Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 431 Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 432 Institute for Global Brain Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  • 433 Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
  • 434 Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  • 435 Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 436 William James Center for Research, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 437 Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
  • 438 College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang City, China
  • 439 Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  • 440 Independent Investigator, Washington, DC
  • 441 School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 442 Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 443 Center for Postgraduate Education and Training, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  • 444 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • 445 Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 446 Süleyman Demirel University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 447 Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India
  • 448 Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 449 Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 450 Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
  • 451 Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 452 Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 453 Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 454 Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
  • 455 Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
  • 456 Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 457 School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
JAMA Psychiatry, 2026 Oct 28.
PMID: 42949727 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.3457

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Eating disorders are a major cause of nonfatal mental health burden, yet global evidence on their long-term trends, geographic distribution, and future trajectories remains limited.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence and disability burden of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa-and mortality attributable to anorexia nervosa-from 1990 to 2023, and to forecast prevalence to 2050.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 methods, data were synthesized from systematic literature reviews, population surveys, and vital registration systems. Estimates were produced for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. These data were analyzed from October 2025 to August 2026.

EXPOSURE: Anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa diagnosis.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Counts and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and anorexia nervosa mortality, reported by age, sex, and location.

RESULTS: In 2023, an estimated 18.1 million people (95% UI, 13.9-24.0) globally were living with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, of whom 12.6 million (69.4%) were female, 5.5 million were male (30.6%), and 41.2% were aged 10 to 24 years. These cases accounted for 3.83 million DALYs (95% UI, 2.23-5.69). Since 1990, the global number of prevalent cases increased by 71.0%, while age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates rose by about 21%. Females experienced substantially higher prevalence and DALY rates than males. The highest age-standardized prevalence rates were observed in high-income regions, particularly Australasia and Western Europe, whereas the largest relative increases in age-standardized prevalence occurred in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Forecasts indicate continued increases in prevalent cases through 2050.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This GBD 2023 analysis found that anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa contribute substantially to global nonfatal health loss. These findings support the integration of eating disorders into mental health surveillance, prevention, and service planning worldwide.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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