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Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

James SL 1 , Castle CD 1 , Dingels ZV 1 , Fox JT 1 , Hamilton EB 1 , Liu Z 1 Show all authors , Roberts NLS 1 , Sylte DO 1 , Bertolacci GJ 1 , Cunningham M 1 , Henry NJ 1 , LeGrand KE 1 , Abdelalim A 2 , Abdollahpour I 3 , Abdulkader RS 4 , Abedi A 5 , Abegaz KH 6 , Abosetugn AE 7 , Abushouk AI 8 , Adebayo OM 9 , Adsuar JC 10 , Advani SM 11 , Agudelo-Botero M 12 , Ahmad T 13 , Ahmed MB 14 , Ahmed R 15 , Eddine Aichour MT 16 , Alahdab F 17 , Alanezi FM 18 , Alema NM 19 , Alemu BW 20 , Alghnam SA 21 , Ali BA 22 , Ali S 23 , Alinia C 24 , Alipour V 25 , Aljunid SM 26 , Almasi-Hashiani A 27 , Almasri NA 28 , Altirkawi K 29 , Abdeldayem Amer YS 30 , Andrei CL 31 , Ansari-Moghaddam A 32 , T Antonio CA 33 , Anvari D 34 , Yaw Appiah SC 35 , Arabloo J 25 , Arab-Zozani M 36 , Arefi Z 37 , Aremu O 38 , Ariani F 39 , Arora A 40 , Asaad M 41 , Ayala Quintanilla BP 42 , Ayano G 43 , Ayanore MA 44 , Azarian G 45 , Badawi A 46 , Badiye AD 47 , Baig AA 48 , Bairwa M 49 , Bakhtiari A 50 , Balachandran A 51 , Banach M 52 , Banerjee SK 53 , Banik PC 54 , Banstola A 55 , Barker-Collo SL 56 , Bärnighausen TW 57 , Barzegar A 58 , Bayati M 59 , Bazargan-Hejazi S 60 , Bedi N 61 , Behzadifar M 62 , Belete H 63 , Bennett DA 64 , Bensenor IM 65 , Berhe K 66 , Bhagavathula AS 67 , Bhardwaj P 68 , Bhat AG 69 , Bhattacharyya K 70 , Bhutta ZA 71 , Bibi S 72 , Bijani A 73 , Boloor A 74 , Borges G 75 , Borschmann R 76 , Borzì AM 77 , Boufous S 78 , Braithwaite D 79 , Briko NI 80 , Brugha T 81 , Budhathoki SS 82 , Car J 83 , Cárdenas R 84 , Carvalho F 85 , Castaldelli-Maia JM 86 , Castañeda-Orjuela CA 87 , Castelpietra G 88 , Catalá-López F 89 , Cerin E 90 , Chandan JS 91 , Chapman JR 92 , Chattu VK 93 , Chattu SK 94 , Chatziralli I 95 , Chaudhary N 96 , Cho DY 97 , Choi JJ 98 , Kabir Chowdhury MA 99 , Christopher DJ 100 , Chu DT 101 , Cicuttini FM 102 , Coelho JM 103 , Costa VM 85 , Dahlawi SMA 104 , Daryani A 105 , Dávila-Cervantes CA 106 , Leo D 107 , Demeke FM 108 , Demoz GT 109 , Demsie DG 19 , Deribe K 110 , Desai R 111 , Nasab MD 112 , Silva DDD 113 , Dibaji Forooshani ZS 114 , Do HT 115 , Doyle KE 116 , Driscoll TR 117 , Dubljanin E 118 , Adema BD 119 , Eagan AW 120 , Elemineh DA 121 , El-Jaafary SI 2 , El-Khatib Z 122 , Ellingsen CL 123 , Zaki MES 124 , Eskandarieh S 125 , Eyawo O 126 , Faris PS 127 , Faro A 128 , Farzadfar F 129 , Fereshtehnejad SM 130 , Fernandes E 131 , Ferrara P 132 , Fischer F 133 , Folayan MO 134 , Fomenkov AA 135 , Foroutan M 136 , Francis JM 137 , Franklin RC 138 , Fukumoto T 139 , Geberemariyam BS 140 , Gebremariam H 66 , Gebremedhin KB 141 , Gebremeskel LG 109 , Gebremeskel GG 142 , Gebremichael B 143 , Gedefaw GA 144 , Geta B 145 , Getenet AB 146 , Ghafourifard M 147 , Ghamari F 148 , Gheshlagh RG 149 , Gholamian A 150 , Gilani SA 151 , Gill TK 152 , Goudarzian AH 153 , Goulart AC 154 , Grada A 155 , Grivna M 156 , Guimarães RA 157 , Guo Y 102 , Gupta G 158 , Haagsma JA 159 , Hall BJ 160 , Hamadeh RR 161 , Hamidi S 162 , Handiso DW 140 , Haro JM 163 , Hasanzadeh A 164 , Hassan S 165 , Hassanipour S 166 , Hassankhani H 167 , Hassen HY 168 , Havmoeller R 169 , Hendrie D 43 , Heydarpour F 170 , Híjar M 171 , Ho HC 172 , Hoang CL 173 , Hole MK 174 , Holla R 175 , Hossain N 176 , Hosseinzadeh M 177 , Hostiuc S 178 , Hu G 179 , Ibitoye SE 180 , Ilesanmi OS 181 , Inbaraj LR 182 , Naghibi Irvani SS 183 , Mofizul Islam M 184 , Shariful Islam SM 185 , Ivers RQ 186 , Jahani MA 187 , Jakovljevic M 188 , Jalilian F 189 , Jayaraman S 190 , Jayatilleke AU 191 , Jha RP 192 , John-Akinola YO 193 , Jonas JB 194 , Jones KM 195 , Joseph N 196 , Joukar F 166 , Jozwiak JJ 197 , Jungari SB 198 , Jürisson M 199 , Kabir A 200 , Kahsay A 66 , Kalankesh LR 201 , Kalhor R 202 , Kamil TA 203 , Kanchan T 204 , Kapoor N 47 , Karami M 205 , Kasaeian A 206 , Kassaye HG 19 , Kavetskyy T 207 , Kayode GA 208 , Keiyoro PN 209 , Kelbore AG 210 , Khader YS 211 , Khafaie MA 212 , Khalid N 213 , Khalil IA 214 , Khalilov R 215 , Khan M 216 , Khan EA 217 , Khan J 218 , Khanna T 219 , Khazaei S 205 , Khazaie H 220 , Khundkar R 221 , Kiirithio DN 222 , Kim YE 223 , Kim YJ 224 , Kim D 225 , Kisa S 226 , Kisa A 227 , Komaki H 228 , Kondlahalli SKM 229 , Koolivand A 230 , Korshunov VA 80 , Koyanagi A 231 , Kraemer MUG 232 , Krishan K 233 , Defo BK 234 , Bicer BK 235 , Kugbey N 236 , Kumar N 237 , Kumar M 238 , Kumar V 239 , Kumar N 240 , Kumaresh G 241 , Lami FH 242 , Lansingh VC 243 , Lasrado S 244 , Latifi A 245 , Lauriola P 246 , Vecchia C 247 , Leasher JL 248 , Huey Lee SW 249 , Li S 102 , Liu X 250 , Lopez AD 1 , Lotufo PA 251 , Lyons RA 252 , Machado DB 253 , Madadin M 254 , Abd El Razek MM 255 , Mahotra NB 256 , Majdan M 257 , Majeed A 258 , Maled V 259 , Malta DC 260 , Manafi N 261 , Manafi A 262 , Manda AL 263 , Manjunatha N 264 , Mansour-Ghanaei F 166 , Mansournia MA 265 , Maravilla JC 266 , Mason-Jones AJ 267 , Masoumi SZ 268 , Massenburg BB 97 , Maulik PK 269 , Mehndiratta MM 270 , Melketsedik ZA 146 , Memiah PTN 271 , Mendoza W 272 , Menezes RG 273 , Mengesha MM 274 , Meretoja TJ 275 , Meretoja A 276 , Merie HE 277 , Mestrovic T 278 , Miazgowski B 279 , Miazgowski T 280 , Miller TR 43 , Mini GK 281 , Mirica A 282 , Mirrakhimov EM 283 , Mirzaei-Alavijeh M 189 , Mithra P 196 , Moazen B 284 , Moghadaszadeh M 285 , Mohamadi E 286 , Mohammad Y 287 , Darwesh AM 288 , Mohammadian-Hafshejani A 289 , Mohammadpourhodki R 290 , Mohammed S 57 , Mohammed JA 291 , Mohebi F 129 , Mohseni Bandpei MA 292 , Molokhia M 293 , Monasta L 294 , Moodley Y 295 , Moradi M 296 , Moradi G 297 , Moradi-Lakeh M 298 , Moradzadeh R 27 , Morawska L 299 , Velásquez IM 300 , Morrison SD 97 , Mossie TB 301 , Muluneh AG 302 , Musa KI 303 , Mustafa G 304 , Naderi M 305 , Nagarajan AJ 306 , Naik G 307 , Naimzada MD 308 , Najafi F 309 , Nangia V 310 , Nascimento BR 311 , Naserbakht M 312 , Nayak V 313 , Nazari J 314 , Ndwandwe DE 315 , Negoi I 316 , Ngunjiri JW 317 , Nguyen TH 173 , Nguyen CT 318 , Nguyen DN 319 , Thi Nguyen HL 318 , Nikbakhsh R 320 , Anggraini Ningrum DN 321 , Nnaji CA 315 , Ofori-Asenso R 322 , Ogbo FA 323 , Oghenetega OB 324 , Oh IH 325 , Olagunju AT 326 , Olagunju TO 327 , Bali AO 328 , Onwujekwe OE 329 , Orpana HM 330 , Ota E 331 , Otstavnov N 308 , Otstavnov SS 308 , P A M 332 , Padubidri JR 333 , Pakhale S 334 , Pakshir K 335 , Panda-Jonas S 336 , Park EK 337 , Patel SK 338 , Pathak A 339 , Pati S 340 , Paulos K 341 , Peden AE 342 , Filipino Pepito VC 343 , Pereira J 344 , Phillips MR 345 , Polibin RV 346 , Polinder S 159 , Pourmalek F 347 , Pourshams A 348 , Poustchi H 348 , Prakash S 349 , Angga Pribadi DR 350 , Puri P 218 , Syed ZQ 351 , Rabiee N 352 , Rabiee M 353 , Radfar A 354 , Rafay A 355 , Rafiee A 356 , Rafiei A 357 , Rahim F 358 , Rahimi S 359 , Rahman MA 360 , Rajabpour-Sanati A 361 , Rajati F 296 , Rakovac I 362 , Rao SJ 363 , Rashedi V 364 , Rastogi P 333 , Rathi P 175 , Rawaf S 258 , Rawal L 365 , Rawassizadeh R 366 , Renjith V 367 , Resnikoff S 368 , Rezapour A 25 , Ribeiro AI 369 , Rickard J 370 , Rios González CM 371 , Roever L 372 , Ronfani L 294 , Roshandel G 348 , Saddik B 373 , Safarpour H 374 , Safdarian M 375 , Mohammad Sajadi S 376 , Salamati P 377 , Rashad Salem MR 378 , Salem H 379 , Salz I 380 , Samy AM 381 , Sanabria J 382 , Riera LS 383 , Santric Milicevic MM 384 , Sarker AR 385 , Sarveazad A 386 , Sathian B 387 , Sawhney M 388 , Sayyah M 389 , Schwebel DC 390 , Seedat S 391 , Senthilkumaran S 392 , Seyedmousavi S 393 , Sha F 394 , Shaahmadi F 395 , Shahabi S 396 , Shaikh MA 397 , Shams-Beyranvand M 398 , Sheikh A 399 , Shigematsu M 400 , Shin JI 401 , Shiri R 402 , Siabani S 403 , Sigfusdottir ID 404 , Singh JA 405 , Singh PK 406 , Sinha DN 407 , Soheili A 408 , Soriano JB 409 , Sorrie MB 410 , Soyiri IN 411 , Stokes MA 412 , Sufiyan MB 413 , Sykes BL 414 , Tabarés-Seisdedos R 415 , Tabb KM 416 , Taddele BW 417 , Tefera YM 418 , Tehrani-Banihashemi A 298 , Tekulu GH 419 , Tesema Tesema AK 420 , Tesfay BE 421 , Thapar R 237 , Titova MV 135 , Tlaye KG 422 , Tohidinik HR 265 , Topor-Madry R 423 , Tran KB 424 , Tran BX 425 , Tripathy JP 68 , Tsai AC 426 , Tsatsakis A 427 , Car LT 428 , Ullah I 429 , Ullah S 72 , Unnikrishnan B 196 , Upadhyay E 430 , Uthman OA 431 , Valdez PR 432 , Vasankari TJ 433 , Veisani Y 434 , Venketasubramanian N 435 , Violante FS 436 , Vlassov V 437 , Waheed Y 438 , Wang YP 86 , Wiangkham T 439 , Wolde HF 302 , Woldeyes DH 440 , Wondmeneh TG 291 , Wondmieneh AB 141 , Wu AM 441 , Wyper GMA 442 , Yadav R 218 , Yadollahpour A 443 , Yano Y 444 , Yaya S 445 , Yazdi-Feyzabadi V 446 , Ye P 447 , Yip P 448 , Yisma E 449 , Yonemoto N 450 , Yoon SJ 223 , Youm Y 451 , Younis MZ 452 , Yousefi Z 453 , Yu C 454 , Yu Y 455 , Moghadam TZ 25 , Zaidi Z 456 , Zaman SB 99 , Zamani M 457 , Zandian H 458 , Zarei F 459 , Zhang ZJ 460 , Zhang Y 461 , Ziapour A 403 , Zodpey S 462 , Dandona R 1 , Dharmaratne SD 1 , Hay SI 1 , Mokdad AH 1 , Pigott DM 1 , Reiner RC 1 , Vos T 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 2 Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 4 Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • 6 Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  • 7 Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  • 8 Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt
  • 9 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 10 Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
  • 11 Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
  • 12 School of Medicine, Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 13 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
  • 14 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 15 James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 16 Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  • 17 Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
  • 18 Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 19 Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  • 20 Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 21 Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 22 Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 23 Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 24 Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  • 25 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 26 Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  • 27 Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 28 Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 29 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 30 Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 31 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 32 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran
  • 33 Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  • 34 Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 35 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  • 36 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 37 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 38 School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
  • 39 Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
  • 40 School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 41 Plastic Surgery Department, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
  • 42 The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 43 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
  • 44 Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 45 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 46 Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 47 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  • 48 Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 49 Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
  • 50 Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 51 Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 52 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  • 53 School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  • 54 Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 55 Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
  • 56 School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 57 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 58 Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 59 Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 60 Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • 61 Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  • 62 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  • 63 Psychiatry Department, Bahir Dar University, Bhair Dar, Ethiopia
  • 64 Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 65 Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 66 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 67 Department of Internal Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 68 Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  • 69 Internal Medicine Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
  • 70 Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  • 71 Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 72 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • 73 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 74 Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 75 Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 76 Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 77 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 78 Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 79 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
  • 80 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 81 Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
  • 82 Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 83 Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  • 84 Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 85 Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 86 Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 87 Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  • 88 Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
  • 89 National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
  • 90 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 91 Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
  • 92 Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 93 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 94 Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  • 95 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
  • 96 Pediatrics Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 97 Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 98 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  • 99 Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 100 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  • 101 Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 102 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 103 Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Serviço de Oftalmologia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 104 Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 105 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 106 Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 107 Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
  • 108 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 109 School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  • 110 Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
  • 111 Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
  • 112 Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 113 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 114 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 115 Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 116 School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
  • 117 Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 118 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 119 Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  • 120 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 121 Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 122 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 123 Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  • 124 Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 125 Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 126 Epidemiology and Population Health, York University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 127 Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  • 128 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  • 129 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 130 Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 131 REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 132 Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  • 133 Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  • 134 Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  • 135 Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  • 136 Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  • 137 Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 138 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
  • 139 Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  • 140 Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  • 141 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 142 Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  • 143 Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 144 Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 145 Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 146 Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 147 Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 148 Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 149 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 150 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 151 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 152 Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 153 Nursing and Midwifery Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 154 Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • 155 Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 156 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 157 Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
  • 158 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
  • 159 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • 160 Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
  • 161 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 162 School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 163 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  • 164 Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 165 Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 166 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 167 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 168 Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
  • 169 Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 170 Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 171 Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 172 Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 173 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 174 Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
  • 175 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 176 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 177 Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 178 Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 179 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  • 180 Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 181 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 182 Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  • 183 Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 184 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 185 Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
  • 186 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 187 Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 188 Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 189 Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 190 Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
  • 191 Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  • 192 Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 193 Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 194 Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  • 195 Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 196 Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 197 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  • 198 School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
  • 199 Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 200 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 201 Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 202 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  • 203 School of Public Health, Department of Health informatics and Health Innovation, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 204 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 205 Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 206 Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 207 Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
  • 208 International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 209 Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 210 Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 211 Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 212 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 213 School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 214 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 215 Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  • 216 Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 217 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 218 Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  • 219 Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  • 220 Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 221 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 222 Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 223 Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 224 School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  • 225 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 226 Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  • 227 School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  • 228 Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 229 Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  • 230 Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 231 CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  • 232 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 233 Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  • 234 Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  • 235 Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 236 Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 237 Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 238 Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 239 Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 240 Orthopaedics Department, Base Hospital Lucknow Cantt, Lucknow, India
  • 241 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
  • 242 Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  • 243 HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
  • 244 Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 245 Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 246 Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  • 247 Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
  • 248 College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
  • 249 School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  • 250 Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
  • 251 Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • 252 Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
  • 253 Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, FIOCRUZ: Cidacs Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil
  • 254 Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 255 Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  • 256 Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 257 Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  • 258 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
  • 259 Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
  • 260 Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 261 Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 262 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
  • 263 Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  • 264 Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
  • 265 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 266 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 267 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
  • 268 Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 269 Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  • 270 Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  • 271 Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • 272 Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  • 273 Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 274 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 275 Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  • 276 Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  • 277 Statistics Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 278 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 279 Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  • 280 Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  • 281 Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  • 282 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 283 Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 284 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 285 Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 286 Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 287 Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 288 Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 289 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord, Iran
  • 290 Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  • 291 Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  • 292 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 293 Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
  • 294 Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  • 295 Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 296 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 297 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 298 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 299 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 300 Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  • 301 Department of Psychiatry, Badhir Dar University, Ethiopia
  • 302 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 303 School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  • 304 Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  • 305 Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 306 Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  • 307 Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • 308 Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
  • 309 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 310 Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  • 311 Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 312 Mental Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
  • 313 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 314 Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 315 Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 316 Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 317 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  • 318 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 319 Project of ADB, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 320 Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 321 Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  • 322 Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 323 UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 324 Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 325 Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  • 326 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 327 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 328 Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  • 329 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  • 330 Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 331 Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
  • 332 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  • 333 Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 334 Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 335 Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 336 Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 337 Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  • 338 Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India
  • 339 Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
  • 340 Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 341 Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 342 Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 343 Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  • 344 Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 345 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
  • 346 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
  • 347 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 348 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 349 Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  • 350 Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  • 351 Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  • 352 Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  • 353 Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  • 354 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
  • 355 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 356 Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 357 Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 358 Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 359 Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 360 School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
  • 361 Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 362 European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
  • 363 Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  • 364 School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
  • 365 School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 366 Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
  • 367 Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
  • 368 Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 369 EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 370 Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  • 371 Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
  • 372 Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
  • 373 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 374 Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 375 Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 376 Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  • 377 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 378 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  • 379 Urology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  • 380 Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
  • 381 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 382 Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
  • 383 Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
  • 384 Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 385 Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 386 Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 387 Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 388 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
  • 389 Education Development Center, Faculty Member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 390 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • 391 Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 392 Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  • 393 Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
  • 394 Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
  • 395 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 396 Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 397 Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 398 School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 399 Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
  • 400 National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  • 401 College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  • 402 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  • 403 Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 404 Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  • 405 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • 406 Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
  • 407 Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  • 408 Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  • 409 Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 410 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 411 Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
  • 412 Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 413 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  • 414 Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
  • 415 Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 416 School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
  • 417 Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 418 School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 419 Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 420 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 421 Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  • 422 Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  • 423 Institute of Public Health, Krakow, Poland
  • 424 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 425 Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 426 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
  • 427 Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  • 428 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  • 429 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  • 430 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  • 431 Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
  • 432 Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 433 UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  • 434 Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  • 435 Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  • 436 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 437 Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 438 Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 439 Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
  • 440 Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 441 Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  • 442 Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
  • 443 Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 444 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
  • 445 School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 446 Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 447 Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 448 Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 449 School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 450 Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  • 451 Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 452 Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
  • 453 Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 454 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 455 School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  • 456 Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  • 457 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 458 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  • 459 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 460 Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 461 School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  • 462 Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Inj Prev, 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i125-i153.
PMID: 32839249 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043531

Abstract

BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria.

METHODS: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced.

RESULTS: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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