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Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration , Fitzmaurice C 1 , Abate D 2 , Abbasi N 3 , Abbastabar H 4 , Abd-Allah F 5 Show all authors , Abdel-Rahman O 6 , Abdelalim A 5 , Abdoli A 7 , Abdollahpour I 8 , Abdulle ASM 9 , Abebe ND 10 , Abraha HN 11 , Abu-Raddad LJ 12 , Abualhasan A 5 , Adedeji IA 13 , Advani SM 14 , Afarideh M 15 , Afshari M 16 , Aghaali M 17 , Agius D 18 , Agrawal S 19 , Ahmadi A 20 , Ahmadian E 21 , Ahmadpour E 22 , Ahmed MB 23 , Akbari ME 24 , Akinyemiju T 25 , Al-Aly Z 26 , AlAbdulKader AM 27 , Alahdab F 28 , Alam T 1 , Alamene GM 29 , Alemnew BTT 30 , Alene KA 31 , Alinia C 32 , Alipour V 33 , Aljunid SM 34 , Bakeshei FA 35 , Almadi MAH 36 , Almasi-Hashiani A 8 , Alsharif U 37 , Alsowaidi S 38 , Alvis-Guzman N 39 , Amini E 40 , Amini S 41 , Amoako YA 42 , Anbari Z 41 , Anber NH 43 , Andrei CL 44 , Anjomshoa M 45 , Ansari F 46 , Ansariadi A 47 , Appiah SCY 48 , Arab-Zozani M 49 , Arabloo J 33 , Arefi Z 50 , Aremu O 51 , Areri HA 52 , Artaman A 53 , Asayesh H 54 , Asfaw ET 55 , Ashagre AF 56 , Assadi R 57 , Ataeinia B 58 , Atalay HT 59 , Ataro Z 60 , Atique S 61 , Ausloos M 62 , Avila-Burgos L 63 , Avokpaho EFGA 64 , Awasthi A 19 , Awoke N 65 , Ayala Quintanilla BP 66 , Ayanore MA 67 , Ayele HT 68 , Babaee E 69 , Bacha U 70 , Badawi A 71 , Bagherzadeh M 72 , Bagli E 73 , Balakrishnan S 74 , Balouchi A 75 , Bärnighausen TW 76 , Battista RJ 77 , Behzadifar M 33 , Behzadifar M 78 , Bekele BB 31 , Belay YB 79 , Belayneh YM 80 , Berfield KKS 81 , Berhane A 10 , Bernabe E 82 , Beuran M 83 , Bhakta N 84 , Bhattacharyya K 85 , Biadgo B 56 , Bijani A 86 , Bin Sayeed MS 87 , Birungi C 88 , Bisignano C 1 , Bitew H 89 , Bjørge T 90 , Bleyer A 91 , Bogale KA 92 , Bojia HA 93 , Borzì AM 94 , Bosetti C 95 , Bou-Orm IR 96 , Brenner H 97 , Brewer JD 98 , Briko AN 99 , Briko NI 100 , Bustamante-Teixeira MT 101 , Butt ZA 102 , Carreras G 103 , Carrero JJ 104 , Carvalho F 105 , Castro C 106 , Castro F 107 , Catalá-López F 108 , Cerin E 109 , Chaiah Y 110 , Chanie WF 111 , Chattu VK 112 , Chaturvedi P 113 , Chauhan NS 114 , Chehrazi M 115 , Chiang PP 116 , Chichiabellu TY 65 , Chido-Amajuoyi OG 117 , Chimed-Ochir O 118 , Choi JJ 119 , Christopher DJ 120 , Chu DT 121 , Constantin MM 122 , Costa VM 123 , Crocetti E 124 , Crowe CS 125 , Curado MP 126 , Dahlawi SMA 127 , Damiani G 128 , Darwish AH 129 , Daryani A 130 , das Neves J 131 , Demeke FM 132 , Demis AB 133 , Demissie BW 65 , Demoz GT 134 , Denova-Gutiérrez E 135 , Derakhshani A 136 , Deribe KS 137 , Desai R 138 , Desalegn BB 139 , Desta M 140 , Dey S 141 , Dharmaratne SD 1 , Dhimal M 142 , Diaz D 143 , Dinberu MTT 140 , Djalalinia S 144 , Doku DT 145 , Drake TM 146 , Dubey M 147 , Dubljanin E 148 , Duken EE 149 , Ebrahimi H 58 , Effiong A 150 , Eftekhari A 21 , El Sayed I 151 , Zaki MES 152 , El-Jaafary SI 5 , El-Khatib Z 153 , Elemineh DA 154 , Elkout H 155 , Ellenbogen RG 156 , Elsharkawy A 157 , Emamian MH 158 , Endalew DA 159 , Endries AY 160 , Eshrati B 161 , Fadhil I 162 , Fallah Omrani V 163 , Faramarzi M 164 , Farhangi MA 165 , Farioli A 166 , Farzadfar F 58 , Fentahun N 167 , Fernandes E 168 , Feyissa GT 169 , Filip I 170 , Fischer F 171 , Fisher JL 172 , Force LM 1 , Foroutan M 173 , Freitas M 174 , Fukumoto T 175 , Futran ND 176 , Gallus S 177 , Gankpe FG 178 , Gayesa RT 179 , Gebrehiwot TT 23 , Gebremeskel GG 59 , Gedefaw GA 180 , Gelaw BK 181 , Geta B 80 , Getachew S 137 , Gezae KE 182 , Ghafourifard M 183 , Ghajar A 15 , Ghashghaee A 184 , Gholamian A 185 , Gill PS 186 , Ginindza TTG 187 , Girmay A 188 , Gizaw M 10 , Gomez RS 189 , Gopalani SV 190 , Gorini G 191 , Goulart BNG 192 , Grada A 193 , Ribeiro Guerra M 194 , Guimaraes ALS 195 , Gupta PC 196 , Gupta R 197 , Hadkhale K 198 , Haj-Mirzaian A 199 , Haj-Mirzaian A 199 , Hamadeh RR 200 , Hamidi S 201 , Hanfore LK 65 , Haro JM 202 , Hasankhani M 203 , Hasanzadeh A 204 , Hassen HY 205 , Hay RJ 206 , Hay SI 1 , Henok A 207 , Henry NJ 1 , Herteliu C 208 , Hidru HD 209 , Hoang CL 210 , Hole MK 211 , Hoogar P 212 , Horita N 213 , Hosgood HD 214 , Hosseini M 215 , Hosseinzadeh M 216 , Hostiuc M 217 , Hostiuc S 218 , Househ M 219 , Hussen MM 220 , Ileanu B 208 , Ilic MD 221 , Innos K 222 , Irvani SSN 58 , Iseh KR 223 , Islam SMS 224 , Islami F 225 , Jafari Balalami N 226 , Jafarinia M 227 , Jahangiry L 228 , Jahani MA 229 , Jahanmehr N 230 , Jakovljevic M 231 , James SL 1 , Javanbakht M 232 , Jayaraman S 233 , Jee SH 234 , Jenabi E 235 , Jha RP 236 , Jonas JB 237 , Jonnagaddala J 238 , Joo T 239 , Jungari SB 240 , Jürisson M 241 , Kabir A 242 , Kamangar F 243 , Karch A 244 , Karimi N 245 , Karimian A 246 , Kasaeian A 247 , Kasahun GG 134 , Kassa B 248 , Kassa TD 11 , Kassaw MW 133 , Kaul A 249 , Keiyoro PN 250 , Kelbore AG 251 , Kerbo AA 252 , Khader YS 253 , Khalilarjmandi M 3 , Khan EA 254 , Khan G 255 , Khang YH 256 , Khatab K 257 , Khater A 258 , Khayamzadeh M 24 , Khazaee-Pool M 259 , Khazaei S 260 , Khoja AT 261 , Khosravi MH 262 , Khubchandani J 263 , Kianipour N 264 , Kim D 265 , Kim YJ 266 , Kisa A 267 , Kisa S 268 , Kissimova-Skarbek K 269 , Komaki H 270 , Koyanagi A 271 , Krohn KJ 1 , Bicer BK 272 , Kugbey N 67 , Kumar V 273 , Kuupiel D 187 , La Vecchia C 274 , Lad DP 275 , Lake EA 65 , Lakew AM 276 , Lal DK 19 , Lami FH 277 , Lan Q 278 , Lasrado S 279 , Lauriola P 280 , Lazarus JV 281 , Leigh J 282 , Leshargie CT 283 , Liao Y 284 , Limenih MA 31 , Listl S 285 , Lopez AD 1 , Lopukhov PD 100 , Lunevicius R 286 , Madadin M 287 , Magdeldin S 288 , El Razek HMA 289 , Majeed A 290 , Maleki A 291 , Malekzadeh R 292 , Manafi A 293 , Manafi N 294 , Manamo WA 10 , Mansourian M 295 , Mansournia MA 215 , Mantovani LG 296 , Maroufizadeh S 297 , Martini SMS 298 , Mashamba-Thompson TP 187 , Massenburg BB 125 , Maswabi MT 299 , Mathur MR 19 , McAlinden C 300 , McKee M 301 , Meheretu HAA 302 , Mehrotra R 303 , Mehta V 304 , Meier T 305 , Melaku YA 31 , Meles GG 306 , Meles HG 307 , Melese A 308 , Melku M 31 , Memiah PTN 309 , Mendoza W 310 , Menezes RG 311 , Merat S 292 , Meretoja TJ 312 , Mestrovic T 313 , Miazgowski B 314 , Miazgowski T 315 , Mihretie KMM 316 , Miller TR 317 , Mills EJ 318 , Mir SM 3 , Mirzaei H 319 , Mirzaei HR 320 , Mishra R 321 , Moazen B 322 , Mohammad DK 323 , Mohammad KA 323 , Mohammad Y 324 , Darwesh AM 325 , Mohammadbeigi A 17 , Mohammadi H 326 , Mohammadi M 327 , Mohammadian M 328 , Mohammadian-Hafshejani A 329 , Mohammadoo-Khorasani M 330 , Mohammadpourhodki R 331 , Mohammed AS 93 , Mohammed JA 332 , Mohammed S 322 , Mohebi F 58 , Mokdad AH 1 , Monasta L 333 , Moodley Y 187 , Moosazadeh M 334 , Moossavi M 335 , Moradi G 336 , Moradi-Joo M 337 , Moradi-Lakeh M 69 , Moradpour F 336 , Morawska L 338 , Morgado-da-Costa J 339 , Morisaki N 340 , Morrison SD 341 , Mosapour A 3 , Mousavi SM 342 , Muche AA 31 , Muhammed OSS 343 , Musa J 344 , Nabhan AF 345 , Naderi M 346 , Nagarajan AJ 347 , Nagel G 348 , Nahvijou A 349 , Naik G 350 , Najafi F 351 , Naldi L 352 , Nam HS 353 , Nasiri N 354 , Nazari J 355 , Negoi I 83 , Neupane S 356 , Newcomb PA 357 , Nggada HA 358 , Ngunjiri JW 359 , Nguyen CT 360 , Nikniaz L 361 , Ningrum DNA 362 , Nirayo YL 11 , Nixon MR 1 , Nnaji CA 363 , Nojomi M 69 , Nosratnejad S 364 , Shiadeh MN 365 , Obsa MS 366 , Ofori-Asenso R 367 , Ogbo FA 368 , Oh IH 369 , Olagunju AT 370 , Olagunju TO 371 , Oluwasanu MM 372 , Omonisi AE 373 , Onwujekwe OE 374 , Oommen AM 375 , Oren E 376 , Ortega-Altamirano DDV 63 , Ota E 377 , Otstavnov SS 378 , Owolabi MO 379 , P A M 380 , Padubidri JR 381 , Pakhale S 382 , Pakpour AH 383 , Pana A 208 , Park EK 384 , Parsian H 3 , Pashaei T 385 , Patel S 386 , Patil ST 387 , Pennini A 1 , Pereira DM 168 , Piccinelli C 388 , Pillay JD 389 , Pirestani M 390 , Pishgar F 58 , Postma MJ 391 , Pourjafar H 392 , Pourmalek F 102 , Pourshams A 292 , Prakash S 393 , Prasad N 393 , Qorbani M 394 , Rabiee M 395 , Rabiee N 72 , Radfar A 396 , Rafiei A 397 , Rahim F 15 , Rahimi M 398 , Rahman MA 399 , Rajati F 400 , Rana SM 401 , Raoofi S 184 , Rath GK 402 , Rawaf DL 403 , Rawaf S 290 , Reiner RC 1 , Renzaho AMN 404 , Rezaei N 405 , Rezapour A 33 , Ribeiro AI 406 , Ribeiro D 407 , Ronfani L 333 , Roro EM 10 , Roshandel G 292 , Rostami A 408 , Saad RS 409 , Sabbagh P 408 , Sabour S 410 , Saddik B 411 , Safiri S 412 , Sahebkar A 413 , Salahshoor MR 414 , Salehi F 415 , Salem H 416 , Salem MR 417 , Salimzadeh H 292 , Salomon JA 418 , Samy AM 419 , Sanabria J 420 , Santric Milicevic MM 421 , Sartorius B 422 , Sarveazad A 423 , Sathian B 424 , Satpathy M 425 , Savic M 426 , Sawhney M 427 , Sayyah M 428 , Schneider IJC 429 , Schöttker B 97 , Sekerija M 430 , Sepanlou SG 292 , Sepehrimanesh M 431 , Seyedmousavi S 432 , Shaahmadi F 433 , Shabaninejad H 434 , Shahbaz M 410 , Shaikh MA 435 , Shamshirian A 436 , Shamsizadeh M 437 , Sharafi H 438 , Sharafi Z 439 , Sharif M 440 , Sharifi A 441 , Sharifi H 442 , Sharma R 443 , Sheikh A 444 , Shirkoohi R 349 , Shukla SR 445 , Si S 446 , Siabani S 447 , Silva DAS 448 , Silveira DGA 449 , Singh A 450 , Singh JA 451 , Sisay S 452 , Sitas F 238 , Sobngwi E 453 , Soofi M 454 , Soriano JB 455 , Stathopoulou V 456 , Sufiyan MB 457 , Tabarés-Seisdedos R 458 , Tabuchi T 459 , Takahashi K 282 , Tamtaji OR 319 , Tarawneh MR 460 , Tassew SG 307 , Taymoori P 461 , Tehrani-Banihashemi A 69 , Temsah MH 110 , Temsah O 110 , Tesfay BE 462 , Tesfay FH 307 , Teshale MY 463 , Tessema GA 31 , Thapa S 464 , Tlaye KG 133 , Topor-Madry R 465 , Tovani-Palone MR 466 , Traini E 333 , Tran BX 467 , Tran KB 468 , Tsadik AG 89 , Ullah I 469 , Uthman OA 470 , Vacante M 471 , Vaezi M 472 , Varona Pérez P 473 , Veisani Y 474 , Vidale S 475 , Violante FS 166 , Vlassov V 476 , Vollset SE 1 , Vos T 1 , Vosoughi K 477 , Vu GT 210 , Vujcic IS 148 , Wabinga H 478 , Wachamo TM 479 , Wagnew FS 302 , Waheed Y 480 , Weldegebreal F 60 , Weldesamuel GT 59 , Wijeratne T 481 , Wondafrash DZ 343 , Wonde TE 283 , Wondmieneh AB 482 , Workie HM 483 , Yadav R 484 , Yadegar A 485 , Yadollahpour A 486 , Yaseri M 215 , Yazdi-Feyzabadi V 487 , Yeshaneh A 488 , Yimam MA 479 , Yimer EM 89 , Yisma E 489 , Yonemoto N 490 , Younis MZ 491 , Yousefi B 398 , Yousefifard M 492 , Yu C 493 , Zabeh E 494 , Zadnik V 495 , Moghadam TZ 33 , Zaidi Z 496 , Zamani M 497 , Zandian H 498 , Zangeneh A 454 , Zaki L 499 , Zendehdel K 349 , Zenebe ZM 500 , Zewale TA 501 , Ziapour A 502 , Zodpey S 19 , Murray CJL 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 2 Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 4 Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 5 Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 6 Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • 7 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  • 8 Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 9 Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 10 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 11 Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 12 Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  • 13 Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria
  • 14 Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  • 15 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 16 Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
  • 17 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  • 18 Department of Health, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pieta, Malta
  • 19 Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 20 Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 21 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 22 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 23 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 24 Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 25 Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
  • 26 John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri
  • 27 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 28 Evidence-Based Practice Research Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 29 School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  • 30 Department of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  • 31 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 32 Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  • 33 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 34 Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  • 35 Department of Social Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
  • 36 Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 37 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
  • 38 College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 39 Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  • 40 Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 41 Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 42 Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  • 43 Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 44 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 45 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  • 46 Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 47 School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  • 48 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  • 49 Department of Healthcare Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 50 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 51 School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
  • 52 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 53 Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
  • 54 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  • 55 Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 56 Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 57 Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 58 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 59 College of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  • 60 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 61 University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 62 School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, United Kingdom
  • 63 Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 64 Bénin Clinical Research Institute, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
  • 65 Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 66 The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 67 Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 68 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
  • 69 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 70 School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 71 Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 72 Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  • 73 Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
  • 74 Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 75 School of Nursing and Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 76 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 77 Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California
  • 78 Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  • 79 Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 80 Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 81 Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 82 Dental Institute, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 83 Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 84 Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
  • 85 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  • 86 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 87 National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
  • 88 The UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 89 School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 90 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 91 Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
  • 92 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 93 School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 94 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 95 Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  • 96 Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 97 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 98 Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 99 Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 100 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 101 Public Health Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  • 102 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 103 Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 104 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 105 Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 106 Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 107 Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  • 108 National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
  • 109 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 110 College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 111 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 112 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 113 Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  • 114 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
  • 115 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 116 Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
  • 117 Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston
  • 118 Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  • 119 Departments ofBiochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  • 120 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
  • 121 Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 122 Department of Dermatology, 2nd Clinic of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 123 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 124 Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
  • 125 Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 126 Department of Epidemiology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • 127 Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 128 Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 129 Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  • 130 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 131 Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 132 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 133 Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  • 134 School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  • 135 Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 136 Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 137 Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 138 Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
  • 139 School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  • 140 Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  • 141 Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India
  • 142 Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 143 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
  • 144 Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  • 145 Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  • 146 Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
  • 147 United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  • 148 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 149 College of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  • 150 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
  • 151 Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 152 Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 153 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 154 Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 155 Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
  • 156 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 157 Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 158 Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  • 159 Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  • 160 Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 161 Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  • 162 Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 163 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 164 Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 165 Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 166 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 167 Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 168 Requimte/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 169 Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 170 Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California
  • 171 School of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  • 172 James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
  • 173 Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  • 174 Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 175 Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • 176 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 177 Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  • 178 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
  • 179 Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  • 180 Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 181 School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  • 182 Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 183 Medical Surgical Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 184 Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 185 Physiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 186 Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
  • 187 Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 188 Department of Nursing, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Aksum, Ethiopia
  • 189 Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 190 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City
  • 191 Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
  • 192 Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 193 School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 194 Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  • 195 School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil
  • 196 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 197 West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston
  • 198 University of Tampere, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  • 199 Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 200 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 201 School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 202 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain
  • 203 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 204 Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 205 Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  • 206 International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 207 Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  • 208 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 209 Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  • 210 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 211 The University of Texas at Austin, Austin
  • 212 Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India
  • 213 Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
  • 214 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
  • 215 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 216 Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 217 Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 218 Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 219 Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  • 220 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 221 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  • 222 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  • 223 Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
  • 224 Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
  • 225 Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
  • 226 Department of Psychosis, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
  • 227 ,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 228 Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 229 Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 230 School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 231 Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  • 232 Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom
  • 233 Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • 234 Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 235 Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 236 Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 237 Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  • 238 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 239 Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 240 School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
  • 241 Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 242 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 243 Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 244 Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
  • 245 Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 246 Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 247 Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 248 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 249 School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa
  • 250 ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 251 Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 252 Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  • 253 Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
  • 254 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 255 Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 256 Division of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 257 Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  • 258 Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
  • 259 Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 260 Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 261 Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 262 Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 263 Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
  • 264 Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 265 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 266 School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  • 267 Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  • 268 Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  • 269 Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  • 270 Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 271 Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  • 272 Department of Public Health, Yüksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 273 Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 274 Clinical Medicine and Community Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Milan, Italy
  • 275 Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  • 276 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 277 Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
  • 278 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
  • 279 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 280 Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  • 281 Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  • 282 Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 283 Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 284 Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  • 285 Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 286 Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
  • 287 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 288 Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 289 Department of Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
  • 290 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 291 Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 292 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 293 Department of Plastic Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 294 Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 295 Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 296 School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  • 297 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 298 Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 299 School of Public Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  • 300 Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom
  • 301 Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 302 Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 303 Department of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
  • 304 Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India
  • 305 Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  • 306 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 307 Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 308 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 309 Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida
  • 310 Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  • 311 Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 312 Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  • 313 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 314 Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  • 315 Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  • 316 Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 317 Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
  • 318 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 319 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  • 320 Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 321 Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 322 Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 323 Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 324 Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 325 Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 326 Department of Neurology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 327 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 328 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  • 329 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  • 330 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 331 Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  • 332 Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samera, Ethiopia
  • 333 Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  • 334 Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 335 Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 336 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 337 Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 338 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 339 Hospital de Santo António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 340 Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  • 341 Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 342 Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 343 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 344 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
  • 345 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 346 School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 347 Department of Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  • 348 Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  • 349 Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 350 O'NealComprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham
  • 351 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 352 Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
  • 353 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
  • 354 Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
  • 355 Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 356 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  • 357 Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
  • 358 Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  • 359 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  • 360 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 361 Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 362 Department of Public Health Sciences, State University of Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
  • 363 Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 364 Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 365 Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 366 Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 367 Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 368 Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
  • 369 Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  • 370 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 371 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 372 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 373 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria
  • 374 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  • 375 Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  • 376 Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 377 Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
  • 378 Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
  • 379 Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 380 Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  • 381 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal University, Mangaluru, India
  • 382 Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 383 Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  • 384 Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  • 385 Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 386 Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
  • 387 Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India
  • 388 ReferenceCenter for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, CPO Piedmont, Torino, Italy
  • 389 Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  • 390 Departments of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 391 University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 392 Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 393 Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  • 394 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 395 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  • 396 A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona
  • 397 Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 398 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 399 Austin Health Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
  • 400 Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 401 Department of Public Health, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 402 Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 403 WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 404 School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
  • 405 Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 406 Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 407 Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 408 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 409 Clinical Operations, Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California
  • 410 Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 411 Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 412 Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 413 Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 414 A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  • 415 Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 416 Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 417 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  • 418 Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California
  • 419 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 420 Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
  • 421 School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 422 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 423 Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 424 Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 425 UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 426 GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium
  • 427 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
  • 428 Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 429 School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
  • 430 Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 431 Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 432 Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 433 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 434 Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 435 Independent consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 436 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 437 Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 438 Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran
  • 439 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  • 440 Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  • 441 Department of Ophthalmology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 442 HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 443 University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
  • 444 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
  • 445 Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
  • 446 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 447 Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 448 School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 449 University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
  • 450 Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
  • 451 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
  • 452 Medical Department, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 453 Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • 454 Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 455 Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 456 Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece
  • 457 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  • 458 Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 459 Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  • 460 Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
  • 461 Department of Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 462 Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  • 463 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 464 Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  • 465 Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  • 466 Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
  • 467 Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 468 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 469 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  • 470 Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
  • 471 Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 472 Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
  • 473 Department for International Development, Health Network of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
  • 474 Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  • 475 Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
  • 476 Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 477 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 478 Department of Pathology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  • 479 Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  • 480 Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • 481 Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 482 Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 483 Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia
  • 484 Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  • 485 Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 486 Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 487 Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 488 Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  • 489 School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 490 Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  • 491 Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
  • 492 Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 493 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 494 Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 495 Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 496 Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  • 497 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 498 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  • 499 Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 500 Department of Midwifery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 501 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 502 Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
JAMA Oncol, 2019 Dec 01;5(12):1749-1768.
PMID: 31560378 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.

OBJECTIVE: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.

FINDINGS: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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