Fulltext

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Roth GA 1 , Johnson C 2 , Abajobir A 3 , Abd-Allah F 4 , Abera SF 5 , Abyu G 5 Show all authors , Ahmed M 6 , Aksut B 7 , Alam T 2 , Alam K 8 , Alla F 9 , Alvis-Guzman N 10 , Amrock S 11 , Ansari H 12 , Ärnlöv J 13 , Asayesh H 14 , Atey TM 5 , Avila-Burgos L 15 , Awasthi A 16 , Banerjee A 17 , Barac A 18 , Bärnighausen T 19 , Barregard L 20 , Bedi N 21 , Belay Ketema E 5 , Bennett D 22 , Berhe G 5 , Bhutta Z 23 , Bitew S 24 , Carapetis J 25 , Carrero JJ 26 , Malta DC 27 , Castañeda-Orjuela CA 28 , Castillo-Rivas J 29 , Catalá-López F 30 , Choi JY 31 , Christensen H 32 , Cirillo M 33 , Cooper L 34 , Criqui M 35 , Cundiff D 36 , Damasceno A 37 , Dandona L 38 , Dandona R 38 , Davletov K 39 , Dharmaratne S 40 , Dorairaj P 41 , Dubey M 42 , Ehrenkranz R 2 , El Sayed Zaki M 43 , Faraon EJA 44 , Esteghamati A 45 , Farid T 46 , Farvid M 19 , Feigin V 47 , Ding EL 19 , Fowkes G 48 , Gebrehiwot T 6 , Gillum R 19 , Gold A 2 , Gona P 49 , Gupta R 50 , Habtewold TD 51 , Hafezi-Nejad N 45 , Hailu T 5 , Hailu GB 5 , Hankey G 25 , Hassen HY 52 , Abate KH 6 , Havmoeller R 26 , Hay SI 53 , Horino M 54 , Hotez PJ 55 , Jacobsen K 56 , James S 57 , Javanbakht M 58 , Jeemon P 41 , John D 59 , Jonas J 60 , Kalkonde Y 61 , Karimkhani C 62 , Kasaeian A 45 , Khader Y 63 , Khan A 46 , Khang YH 64 , Khera S 65 , Khoja AT 66 , Khubchandani J 67 , Kim D 68 , Kolte D 69 , Kosen S 70 , Krohn KJ 2 , Kumar GA 71 , Kwan GF 72 , Lal DK 71 , Larsson A 13 , Linn S 73 , Lopez A 8 , Lotufo PA 74 , El Razek HMA 43 , Malekzadeh R 45 , Mazidi M 75 , Meier T 76 , Meles KG 5 , Mensah G 77 , Meretoja A 8 , Mezgebe H 5 , Miller T 78 , Mirrakhimov E 79 , Mohammed S 80 , Moran AE 81 , Musa KI 82 , Narula J 83 , Neal B 84 , Ngalesoni F 85 , Nguyen G 2 , Obermeyer CM 86 , Owolabi M 87 , Patton G 8 , Pedro J 88 , Qato D 89 , Qorbani M 90 , Rahimi K 22 , Rai RK 91 , Rawaf S 92 , Ribeiro A 27 , Safiri S 93 , Salomon JA 19 , Santos I 74 , Santric Milicevic M 18 , Sartorius B 94 , Schutte A 95 , Sepanlou S 45 , Shaikh MA 96 , Shin MJ 97 , Shishehbor M 7 , Shore H 98 , Silva DAS 99 , Sobngwi E 100 , Stranges S 101 , Swaminathan S 102 , Tabarés-Seisdedos R 30 , Tadele Atnafu N 52 , Tesfay F 5 , Thakur JS 103 , Thrift A 104 , Topor-Madry R 105 , Truelsen T 106 , Tyrovolas S 107 , Ukwaja KN 108 , Uthman O 109 , Vasankari T 110 , Vlassov V 111 , Vollset SE 112 , Wakayo T 6 , Watkins D 2 , Weintraub R 113 , Werdecker A 114 , Westerman R 114 , Wiysonge CS 115 , Wolfe C 116 , Workicho A 6 , Xu G 117 , Yano Y 118 , Yip P 119 , Yonemoto N 120 , Younis M 121 , Yu C 122 , Vos T 2 , Naghavi M 2 , Murray C 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: rothg@uw.edu
  • 2 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  • 3 University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 4 Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 5 Mekelle University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 6 Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 7 Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 8 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 9 University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  • 10 Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  • 11 Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
  • 12 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 13 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  • 14 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  • 15 National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 16 Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  • 17 University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 18 University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 19 Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 20 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 21 College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 22 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 23 Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 24 Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  • 25 The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
  • 26 Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 27 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 28 Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 29 Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
  • 30 University of València/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, València, Spain
  • 31 Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  • 32 Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 33 University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
  • 34 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 35 University of California, San Diego, California
  • 36 Long Beach, California
  • 37 Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  • 38 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  • 39 Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 40 University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  • 41 Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, India
  • 42 International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  • 43 Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 44 University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  • 45 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 46 University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
  • 47 Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 48 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh United Kingdom
  • 49 University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 50 Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  • 51 University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
  • 52 Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  • 53 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 54 Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, Nevada
  • 55 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
  • 56 George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
  • 57 Denver Health/University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
  • 58 University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  • 59 International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
  • 60 Ruprecht-Karls Universitaet Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 61 Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
  • 62 Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 63 Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 64 Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 65 New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
  • 66 Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 67 Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
  • 68 Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 69 Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
  • 70 Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 71 Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  • 72 Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 73 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  • 74 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 75 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 76 Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  • 77 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  • 78 Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland
  • 79 Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 80 Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  • 81 Columbia University, New York, New York
  • 82 University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  • 83 The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
  • 84 The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
  • 85 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  • 86 American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  • 87 College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 88 University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 89 University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
  • 90 Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 91 Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Birbhum, India
  • 92 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 93 Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  • 94 University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 95 North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  • 96 Independent Consultant, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 97 Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 98 Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  • 99 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 100 University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • 101 Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  • 102 Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  • 103 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  • 104 Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 105 Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  • 106 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 107 Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  • 108 Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  • 109 University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • 110 UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  • 111 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 112 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  • 113 Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 114 Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  • 115 Cochrane South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa
  • 116 King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 117 Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  • 118 Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 119 University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
  • 120 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 121 Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
  • 122 Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017 Jul 04;70(1):1-25.
PMID: 28527533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world.

OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden.

METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.

RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75.

CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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