Fulltext

The Global Burden of Cancer 2013

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration , Fitzmaurice C 1 , Dicker D 2 , Pain A 2 , Hamavid H 2 , Moradi-Lakeh M 3 Show all authors , MacIntyre MF 2 , Allen C 2 , Hansen G 2 , Woodbrook R 2 , Wolfe C 4 , Hamadeh RR 5 , Moore A 6 , Werdecker A 7 , Gessner BD 8 , Te Ao B 9 , McMahon B 10 , Karimkhani C 11 , Yu C 12 , Cooke GS 13 , Schwebel DC 14 , Carpenter DO 15 , Pereira DM 16 , Nash D 17 , Kazi DS 18 , De Leo D 19 , Plass D 20 , Ukwaja KN 21 , Thurston GD 22 , Yun Jin K 23 , Simard EP 24 , Mills E 25 , Park EK 26 , Catalá-López F 27 , deVeber G 28 , Gotay C 29 , Khan G 30 , Hosgood HD 31 , Santos IS 32 , Leasher JL 33 , Singh J 34 , Leigh J 35 , Jonas JB 36 , Jonas J , Sanabria J 37 , Beardsley J 38 , Jacobsen KH 39 , Takahashi K 40 , Franklin RC 41 , Ronfani L 42 , Montico M 42 , Naldi L 43 , Tonelli M 44 , Geleijnse J 45 , Petzold M 46 , Shrime MG 47 , Younis M 48 , Yonemoto N 49 , Breitborde N 50 , Yip P 51 , Pourmalek F 52 , Lotufo PA 32 , Esteghamati A 53 , Hankey GJ 54 , Ali R 55 , Lunevicius R 56 , Malekzadeh R 57 , Dellavalle R 58 , Weintraub R 59 , Lucas R 60 , Hay R 61 , Rojas-Rueda D 62 , Westerman R 63 , Sepanlou SG 64 , Nolte S 65 , Patten S 66 , Weichenthal S 67 , Abera SF 68 , Fereshtehnejad SM 69 , Shiue I 70 , Driscoll T 71 , Vasankari T 72 , Alsharif U 73 , Rahimi-Movaghar V 74 , Vlassov VV 75 , Marcenes WS 76 , Mekonnen W 77 , Melaku YA 78 , Yano Y 79 , Artaman A 80 , Campos I 47 , MacLachlan J 81 , Mueller U 82 , Kim D 83 , Trillini M 84 , Eshrati B 85 , Williams HC 86 , Shibuya K 87 , Dandona R 88 , Murthy K 88 , Cowie B 81 , Amare AT 89 , Antonio CA 90 , Castañeda-Orjuela C 91 , van Gool CH 92 , Violante F 93 , Oh IH 94 , Deribe K 95 , Soreide K 96 , Knibbs L 97 , Kereselidze M 98 , Green M 99 , Cardenas R 100 , Roy N 101 , Tillmann T 102 , Tillman T , Li Y 103 , Krueger H 29 , Monasta L 42 , Dey S 104 , Sheikhbahaei S 53 , Hafezi-Nejad N 53 , Kumar GA 88 , Sreeramareddy CT 105 , Dandona L 106 , Wang H 2 , Vollset SE 107 , Mokdad A 2 , Salomon JA 47 , Lozano R 108 , Vos T 2 , Forouzanfar M 2 , Lopez A 109 , Murray C 2 , Naghavi M 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 2 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 3 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle3Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 4 King's College London, London, England
  • 5 Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 6 University of North Texas, Denton
  • 7 Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany
  • 8 Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  • 9 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 10 Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska
  • 11 College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
  • 12 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 13 Imperial College London, London, England
  • 14 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
  • 15 Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
  • 16 Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, University do Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal
  • 17 School of Public Health, Hunter College Campus, City University of New York, New York
  • 18 University of California, San Francisco
  • 19 Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
  • 20 Federal Environment Agency Section on Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Berlin, Germany
  • 21 Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  • 22 Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
  • 23 Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia
  • 24 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
  • 25 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 26 Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
  • 27 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  • 28 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 29 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 30 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 31 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
  • 32 Centre for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 33 Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
  • 34 Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
  • 35 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • 36 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  • 37 Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio38Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Chicago Medical School at Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 38 Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 39 Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
  • 40 Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  • 41 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
  • 42 Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  • 43 Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  • 44 University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • 45 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  • 46 Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden48School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 47 Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 48 Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
  • 49 National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Japan
  • 50 University of Arizona, Tucson
  • 51 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 52 Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 53 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 54 School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
  • 55 Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
  • 56 Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England
  • 57 Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 58 Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver61Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
  • 59 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia63Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
  • 60 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
  • 61 International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England
  • 62 Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
  • 63 University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  • 64 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  • 65 Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  • 66 Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • 67 Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  • 68 College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 69 Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 70 Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England75University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
  • 71 Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • 72 UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  • 73 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  • 74 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 75 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 76 Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, England
  • 77 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 78 College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 79 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 80 Windsor, Ontario, Canada
  • 81 Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Australia
  • 82 Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  • 83 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 84 Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  • 85 Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran
  • 86 University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
  • 87 University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • 88 Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India
  • 89 Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
  • 90 University of the Philippines Manila, College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines
  • 91 Colombian National Health Observatory Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  • 92 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
  • 93 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 94 Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 95 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia100Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
  • 96 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway102University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
  • 97 Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  • 98 National Centre for Diseases Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 99 University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
  • 100 Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 101 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Mumbai, India
  • 102 University College London, London, England
  • 103 Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California
  • 104 Indian Institute of Public Health, National Capital Region, India
  • 105 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor, Malaysia
  • 106 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle93Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India
  • 107 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway113Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  • 108 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle115National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 109 School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
JAMA Oncol, 2015 Jul;1(4):505-27.
PMID: 26181261 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Current estimates of cancer burden in individual countries and regions are necessary to inform local cancer control strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 28 cancers in 188 countries by sex from 1990 to 2013.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: The general methodology of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study was used. Cancer registries were the source for cancer incidence data as well as mortality incidence (MI) ratios. Sources for cause of death data include vital registration system data, verbal autopsy studies, and other sources. The MI ratios were used to transform incidence data to mortality estimates and cause of death estimates to incidence estimates. Cancer prevalence was estimated using MI ratios as surrogates for survival data; YLDs were calculated by multiplying prevalence estimates with disability weights, which were derived from population-based surveys; YLLs were computed by multiplying the number of estimated cancer deaths at each age with a reference life expectancy; and DALYs were calculated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs.

FINDINGS: In 2013 there were 14.9 million incident cancer cases, 8.2 million deaths, and 196.3 million DALYs. Prostate cancer was the leading cause for cancer incidence (1.4 million) for men and breast cancer for women (1.8 million). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer was the leading cause for cancer death in men and women, with 1.6 million deaths. For men, TBL cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (24.9 million). For women, breast cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (13.1 million). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100 000 and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) per 100 000 for both sexes in 2013 were higher in developing vs developed countries for stomach cancer (ASIR, 17 vs 14; ASDR, 15 vs 11), liver cancer (ASIR, 15 vs 7; ASDR, 16 vs 7), esophageal cancer (ASIR, 9 vs 4; ASDR, 9 vs 4), cervical cancer (ASIR, 8 vs 5; ASDR, 4 vs 2), lip and oral cavity cancer (ASIR, 7 vs 6; ASDR, 2 vs 2), and nasopharyngeal cancer (ASIR, 1.5 vs 0.4; ASDR, 1.2 vs 0.3). Between 1990 and 2013, ASIRs for all cancers combined (except nonmelanoma skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma) increased by more than 10% in 113 countries and decreased by more than 10% in 12 of 188 countries.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cancer poses a major threat to public health worldwide, and incidence rates have increased in most countries since 1990. The trend is a particular threat to developing nations with health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with complex and expensive cancer treatments. The annual update on the Global Burden of Cancer will provide all stakeholders with timely estimates to guide policy efforts in cancer prevention, screening, treatment, and palliation.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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